Earlier this September, Apple introduced the iPhone 17 series, and with that, we now have five iPhones in total to choose from in 2025. The lineup feels both familiar and new at the same time. On one end, you still get your regular iPhone 17, and on the other, there are the Pro models that take the performance and camera prowess to the next level. But Apple also surprised everyone with the iPhone Air, a super-thin and lightweight device that takes a different path from the usual. Add to that the more affordable iPhone 16e, which was launched earlier in the year, and the options now cover a wide range of budgets, sizes, and features.

Also read: iPhone 17 Pro Max review: Brilliance at a price

Prices start from Rs 59,900 for the iPhone 16e and go all the way up to Rs 2,29,900 for the fully loaded iPhone 17 Pro Max with 2 TB storage. That’s a big spread, and naturally, the question is: which iPhone should you actually buy in 2025? Let’s take a closer look at each model to help you decide.

iPhone 16e

The iPhone 16e is the most affordable option in Apple’s 2025 lineup. It’s lighter on the pocket but still offers the core iPhone experience. At 167 grams and 7.8mm thick, it feels compact and comfortable to use. The 6.1-inch OLED display is sharp, though it’s limited to 60Hz, so you miss out on the smoother refresh rate that newer models now offer. Brightness peaks at 1,200 nits, which is good enough for most conditions.

Inside the iPhone 16e, you get the A18 chip paired with 8 GB RAM, which should be more than capable of handling everyday apps, social media, and even some gaming. Storage options go up to 512 GB, and like the higher models, it uses fast LPDDR5X RAM and NVMe storage. Camera-wise, there’s a reliable 48-megapixel primary lens at the rear and a 12-megapixel selfie camera, but no ultra-wide or telephoto. Battery life should last a full day with its 4,005mAh unit, though charging is slower at 20W wired and 7.5W wireless. Starting at Rs 59,900, this is the iPhone to buy if you want an entry into the Apple ecosystem without spending big.

iPhone 17

The iPhone 17 is likely the go-to choice for most people. It strikes the right balance between price and performance. Apple has finally brought ProMotion to its non-Pro models, so you get a smoother 120Hz refresh rate, brighter display, and even an always-on option. It runs on the A19 chip, which isn’t quite the A19 Pro but still powerful enough for gaming and multitasking. The cameras have also been improved with a 48-megapixel primary and a new 48-megapixel ultra-wide, giving you more versatility than the iPhone 16e. If you want a phone that feels premium but don’t want to pay Pro-level prices, the iPhone 17 is the safest bet.

iPhone Air

The iPhone Air is Apple’s most daring iPhone yet. Just 5.6mm thick and weighing only 165 grams, it’s unbelievably thin and light for a 6.5-inch phone. The titanium frame keeps it sturdy despite the slim build. But to achieve this design, Apple has made some sacrifices. The Air only has a single 48-megapixel rear camera, no ultra-wide or telephoto, and the battery life isn’t as solid as the other models. Charging is also slower compared to the other iPhone 17 models. 

On the plus side, the iPhone Air is powered by the A19 Pro chip, so performance is top-notch. Priced starting at Rs 1,19,900, the iPhone Air is for those who want a stylish, ultra-portable iPhone and don’t mind compromising on battery or camera variety.

iPhone 17 Pro

For power users, the iPhone 17 Pro is where things get serious. It features a 6.3-inch screen with a vapour chamber cooling system for sustained performance and improved thermal management. Apple has also switched to an aluminium unibody design for better heat management. The triple-camera setup is the most advanced, with all 48-megapixel sensors, including a telephoto that goes up to 4x optical zoom and 8x optical-like zoom. Video recording is best-in-class with 4K at 120fps and support for ProRes RAW. There’s also a Lidar scanner and better microphones. Starting at Rs 1,29,900, the iPhone 17 Pro is the ideal phone for creators, gamers, and anyone who wants more than just the basics.

iPhone 17 Pro Max

The iPhone 17 Pro Max is the ultimate iPhone experience. It has everything the 17 Pro offers but with a much larger 6.9-inch screen, the biggest battery, and the option for 2 TB of storage. USB-C transfers are faster at 10 Gbps, which is great for creators dealing with big files. The trade-off is its size and weight, which may not suit everyone. But if you want the absolute best and don’t mind spending upwards of Rs 1,49,900, this is the iPhone to buy.

Which iPhone should you buy in 2025?

For most people, the iPhone 17 strikes the best balance of price, features, and future-proofing. The iPhone 16e is the budget-friendly entry point, while the iPhone Air is perfect for those who want a slim, lightweight design above all else. The iPhone 17 Pro is a powerhouse for gamers and creators, and the iPhone 17 Pro Max is the top choice for anyone who wants every feature Apple has to offer.

Also read: iPhone 17 Review: The most sensible iPhone in 2025!

Choosing the right office laptop is more than just picking the sleekest design or the most powerful specs. While flashy features like high-resolution displays and ultra-thin profiles often dominate marketing materials, it’s the practical, less glamorous aspects that make a laptop truly reliable for professional use. 

From build quality to battery longevity, these overlooked details can significantly impact your productivity and the device’s lifespan. This guide dives into the critical yet underappreciated factors to consider when buying an office laptop. Whether you’re a hybrid worker, a frequent traveller, or someone managing heavy workloads, understanding these nuances will help you make an informed choice that balances performance, durability, and long-term value.

Build integrity beyond certifications

When selecting an office laptop, structural durability is often overlooked but critical for long-term reliability. The Asus ExpertBook P5, for example, combines MIL-STD-810H certification with a spill-resistant keyboard capable of handling small accidents, making it ideal for daily office use. Reinforced hinges are another key feature to look for, as flimsy designs can fail with frequent opening and closing. The Lenovo ThinkPad X1 Carbon Gen 12, with its patented 180-degree hinge, ensures stability and longevity over thousands of cycles. 

Also read: ASUS TUF Gaming A14 Review: A Solid 14-Inch Gaming Laptop

Additionally, materials like aluminium or carbon fibre provide better durability than plastic. Lightweight laptops such as the Dell Latitude 7430 use carbon-fibre lids to prevent screen damage during transit, making them a great choice for professionals who travel frequently. Always test for chassis rigidity; excessive flex near the trackpad or keyboard is a red flag for poor build quality.

Keyboard mechanics over backlight gimmicks

A well-designed keyboard can significantly enhance productivity, yet many buyers focus solely on backlighting. Key travel of around 1.5mm and actuation force between 55–60g offer the best typing experience. The HP EliteBook 840 G9, for instance, features a tactile keyboard optimised for long typing sessions, although its compact arrow key layout can be a drawback for spreadsheet users. 

Also read: ASUS ProArt PX 13 Review: A Powerful Creative Laptop — But What Are the Sacrifices?

For professionals who rely on heavy typing, the Lenovo ThinkPad X1 Carbon Gen 12 stands out with its anti-wobble stabilisers and matte keycaps that reduce slippage during prolonged use. Additionally, hybrid workers may benefit from dedicated shortcut keys or Microsoft Teams integration, as seen in models like the HP ProBook 450 G9, which streamline communication tasks.

Port Strategy: Future-proofing connectivity

Modern office setups demand versatile connectivity options to avoid the frustration of relying on adapters. The Framework Laptop 13 is an excellent example of future-proofing, offering modular ports that include Thunderbolt 4 and USB-C slots. This flexibility allows you to customise your laptop’s connectivity based on evolving needs. 

Also read: HP Omnibook Ultra Flip 14 Review: Intel Core Series Ultra 2 Delivers

For external displays or high-speed data transfers, ensure your laptop supports HDMI 2.1 and dual Thunderbolt 4 ports. The Asus ExpertBook P5 excels here, accommodating multiple monitors and faster peripherals without compromising portability. Additionally, Wi-Fi 6E and Bluetooth 5.3 are essential for seamless wireless connectivity in busy office environments.

Battery degradation: The unspoken compromise

Battery life is crucial for uninterrupted workdays, but advertised figures often fail to reflect real-world performance. For instance, the MacBook Air M3 delivers approximately 15 hours of battery life under typical office conditions, such as web browsing and video conferencing at moderate brightness levels. This makes it an ideal choice for professionals who need all-day power. Fast-charging capabilities are another feature to prioritise. 

The Asus ExpertBook P5 restores up to 60% battery in under an hour, ensuring minimal downtime between meetings or travel stops. Additionally, laptops with larger batteries (60Wh or more) tend to degrade slower than smaller-capacity models, providing better long-term value.

Display subpixels and flicker risks

While resolution often takes centre stage in display discussions, other factors like subpixel structure and flicker-free technology are equally important. Many budget laptops use RGBW subpixels to boost brightness at the cost of colour accuracy. In contrast, the Asus Zenbook Pro OLED features true RGB subpixels for superior colour fidelity, a key consideration for professionals working with visuals or presentations. 

Also read: Lenovo Yoga 7 2-in-1 Review: The Jack of All Trades Convertible

Eye comfort is another critical factor often overlooked. Look for displays certified by TÜV Rheinland for low blue light emissions and flicker-free performance. Models like the Lenovo ThinkPad T14s Gen 4 offer these features alongside anti-glare coatings to minimise eye strain during long work hours.

Performance tweaks for office loads

Office workloads require balanced performance tailored to multitasking and efficiency. Intel’s new Core Ultra processors integrate NPUs (Neural Processing Units) that accelerate AI-driven tasks like transcription and predictive analytics – a feature leveraged effectively by the Asus ExpertBook P5. These processors also maintain stable performance during sustained workloads thanks to their efficient thermal design.

RAM capacity is equally important; LPDDR5X RAM offers higher bandwidth than DDR4, making it ideal for multitasking-heavy environments. For instance, the Lenovo ThinkPad X13 Gen 3 comes with LPDDR5X memory that handles multiple applications smoothly without lag. Storage is another factor – opt for SSDs (preferably NVMe) over HDDs to ensure faster boot times and application launches.

Warranty loopholes and repair realities

Warranty coverage is often an afterthought but plays a critical role in minimising downtime during hardware failures. Dell’s ProSupport Plus stands out by covering accidental damage like spills for an additional fee (£90/year), offering peace of mind for busy professionals. However, always read the fine print – many "on-site service" plans exclude accidental damage unless explicitly stated. 

User-replaceable components can also save significant repair costs over time. The Framework Laptop 13 allows easy replacement of SSDs and other parts without voiding the warranty – a stark contrast to soldered designs found in models like the MacBook Air M3. For IT teams managing multiple devices, features like HP Sure Start Gen7 (available in EliteBooks) provide BIOS-level security against firmware attacks. 

As mobile gaming continues to grow in popularity, the demand for smartphones that offer exceptional gaming performance is at an all-time high. With advancements in technology, gaming smartphones have evolved beyond just high refresh rate displays and powerful processors. Today’s gaming phones are designed to deliver an immersive and seamless gaming experience, incorporating a range of features tailored specifically for gamers. In this comprehensive guide, we'll delve into what you should look for in a gaming smartphone in 2024, covering everything from build and design to performance and battery life. 

Key factors to consider when buying a gaming smartphone

Durability and Ergonomics 

When it comes to gaming smartphones, the build quality and design are crucial for ensuring durability and comfort during extended play sessions. Gaming phones are often subjected to intense usage, so it’s important to choose a device that can withstand the rigours of gaming. 

1. Materials: Look for phones made from high-quality materials such as metal or premium plastics that can handle the heat generated during prolonged gaming sessions. Some gaming phones also feature advanced cooling systems built into the chassis, which help dissipate heat and prevent thermal throttling. 
2. Ergonomics: Gaming phones are designed with ergonomics in mind. They often feature a more angular design with textured grips or cooling vents that enhance handling and comfort. Consider phones with customizable triggers or shoulder buttons that can be mapped for in-game controls, giving you an edge in competitive games. 
3. Build Quality: Durability is key. Ensure the phone has a solid build and a good protection rating, such as IP54 or higher, to guard against dust and water damage. Reinforced corners and Gorilla Glass protection can also add to the phone’s resilience. 

Gaming-Specific Enhancements 

Gaming smartphones come with a suite of features tailored to enhance the gaming experience. Here’s what to look for: 

1. Cooling Systems: Advanced cooling systems, such as liquid cooling or vapour chambers, are essential for maintaining optimal performance during long gaming sessions. These systems help prevent overheating and ensure your phone operates at peak efficiency. 
2. Customizable Gaming Modes: Many gaming phones offer dedicated gaming modes that optimize performance by disabling background processes, prioritizing network bandwidth, and enhancing graphics settings. Look for phones with customizable gaming modes that allow you to tweak settings to your preference. 
3. Gamepads and Accessories: Some gaming smartphones come with optional gamepads or accessories that can be attached to enhance your gaming experience. These peripherals can provide physical controls and better handling, making them worth considering if you play a lot of action-packed games. 

Balancing Gaming and Photography 

While gaming phones prioritize performance, they also need to have a capable camera system for capturing high-quality photos and videos. Here’s what to consider: 

1. Camera Quality: Look for phones with high-resolution sensors and advanced image processing capabilities. A good camera setup can enhance your overall smartphone experience, allowing you to capture moments from your gaming setup or daily life. 
2. Stabilization Features: Optical Image Stabilization (OIS) and Electronic Image Stabilization (EIS) are important for recording smooth and shake-free videos. These features are particularly useful if you plan to stream or create content related to your gaming experiences. 
3. Additional Features: Some gaming phones offer camera features such as AI enhancements, which can improve image quality in various lighting conditions. Consider phones that provide a good balance between gaming performance and camera capabilities. 

AI Features 

AI technology is increasingly being integrated into gaming smartphones to enhance performance and user experience. Here’s how AI can benefit your gaming experience: 

1. Performance Optimization: AI algorithms can optimize performance by dynamically adjusting settings based on the game you’re playing. This includes managing CPU and GPU resources, optimizing battery usage, and enhancing graphics quality for a smoother experience. 
2. AI-Powered Camera: AI can enhance camera capabilities, such as improving low-light performance, facial recognition, and real-time scene adjustments. These features can be beneficial for capturing high-quality images and videos during your gaming sessions. 
3. Predictive Text and Voice Commands: AI can improve user interactions with predictive text and voice commands, allowing for faster communication and control within games. This can be particularly useful in multiplayer games where quick responses are crucial. 

Optimised Software for Gaming 

The operating system (OS) and user interface (UI) play a significant role in the gaming experience. Here’s what to look for: 

1. Gaming-Focused UI: A gaming-centric UI can enhance your overall experience by providing easy access to gaming modes, performance settings, and notifications. Some gaming phones come with custom skins or launchers designed specifically for gamers. 
2. Software Updates: Regular software updates are essential for maintaining optimal performance and security. Look for phones from manufacturers that offer frequent updates and support for the latest gaming features. 
3. Customisation Options: Phones that offer extensive customisation options for controls, shortcuts, and display settings can provide a more personalised gaming experience. Consider phones that allow you to adjust these elements to suit your gaming style. 

Immersive Sound for Gaming 

Audio quality is crucial for an immersive gaming experience. Here’s what to consider: 

1. Speakers: Look for phones with high-quality stereo speakers that provide clear and immersive sound. Some gaming phones feature front-facing speakers that enhance audio directionality and provide a better gaming experience. 
2. Headphone Jack and Bluetooth: While many modern smartphones are moving away from the headphone jack, having one can be advantageous for gamers who prefer wired headphones. Ensure the phone supports high-quality Bluetooth audio if you opt for wireless headsets. 
3. Audio Enhancements: Consider phones with built-in audio enhancements, such as Dolby Atmos or Hi-Res Audio support. These features can improve sound clarity and provide a more immersive gaming experience. 

Powerful Hardware for Smooth Gaming 

The performance of a gaming smartphone is perhaps the most critical factor. Here’s what to look for: 

1. Processor: A powerful processor is essential for handling demanding games. Look for phones with the latest high-performance chipsets, such as the Snapdragon 8 Gen 2 or the MediaTek Dimensity 9200. These processors offer exceptional performance and efficiency for gaming. 
2. Graphics Processing Unit (GPU): The GPU plays a significant role in rendering game graphics. A high-end GPU ensures smooth gameplay and better graphics quality. Check for phones with advanced GPUs that can handle the latest games with ease. 
3. RAM: Sufficient RAM is crucial for multitasking and smooth gaming performance. Look for phones with at least 8 GB of RAM, though 12 GB or more is preferable for the most demanding games. 
4. Storage: Fast and ample storage is essential for installing games and storing game data. Consider phones with at least 128 GB of internal storage, with options for expandable storage if possible. 

High-Quality Screens for Immersive Gaming 

The display is a critical component of the gaming experience. Here’s what to look for: 

1. Refresh Rate: A high refresh rate enhances the smoothness of gameplay. Look for phones with a refresh rate of 120 Hz or higher for a more fluid gaming experience. Some gaming phones offer up to 144 Hz or even 165 Hz refresh rates. 
2. Resolution: Higher resolution displays provide better visual clarity. Look for phones with at least Full HD+ resolution, though Quad HD+ or higher is preferable for a more detailed and immersive experience. 
3. Touch Sampling Rate: A high touch sampling rate ensures responsive and accurate touch inputs. Look for phones with a touch sampling rate of 240 Hz or higher for improved responsiveness in fast-paced games. 
4. HDR Support: High Dynamic Range (HDR) support enhances colour accuracy and contrast. Look for phones with HDR10+ or Dolby Vision support for better visuals in supported games and media. 

Long-Lasting Power for Extended Gaming Sessions 

Battery life is a crucial factor for gamers who play for extended periods. Here’s what to consider: 

1. Battery Capacity: Look for phones with a large battery capacity, typically 4,500 mAh or higher, to ensure long-lasting power during gaming sessions. Larger batteries can support longer playtime without needing frequent recharges. 
2. Fast Charging: Fast charging capabilities are essential for minimizing downtime between gaming sessions. Look for phones with at least 65 W fast charging support, though some gaming phones offer even higher charging speeds. 
3. Battery Management: Efficient battery management features can help extend battery life. Look for phones with adaptive battery technology or software optimizations that minimize power consumption during gaming. 

In today’s ever-evolving smartphone market, choosing the right device can be overwhelming. With a myriad of options across different price ranges, each offering unique features and advancements, making an informed decision requires careful consideration. From build quality and camera performance to battery life and AI capabilities, several factors determine which smartphone is best suited for your needs. Whether you’re a casual user or someone who relies on your phone for professional work, this guide will break down the key aspects to consider when buying a smartphone in 2024, helping you navigate through the cluttered market with ease. 

Key factors to look for when buying a smartphone in 2024

Build and Design 

The build and design of a smartphone can impact both its aesthetics and functionality. In 2024, phones come in various shapes and sizes, with materials ranging from plastic to premium glass and metal. However, one of the most important decisions in this area is whether to opt for a sleek, thin phone or a slightly bulkier one with a bigger battery. Phones under 8mm thickness may look more stylish, but they often sacrifice battery capacity, leading to shorter battery life. On the other hand, heavier phones are equipped with larger batteries, making them ideal for users who prioritize endurance. 

Additionally, foldable smartphones have matured significantly in 2024. The latest models, like the OnePlus Open, boast better hinges, durability, and innovative designs. If you're willing to invest in future-proofing and a novel user experience, foldables are worth considering. 

Features to look for in a smartphone

Today’s smartphones are packed with an array of features, but not all are essential for every user. When choosing, prioritize features such as 5G connectivity (as it's rapidly becoming the norm) and software updates. Opt for phones that offer at least three years of OS updates, especially if you plan to use the device for the long term. Avoid falling for gimmicks like virtual RAM, which isn’t as efficient as actual RAM and can impact the lifespan of the device's internal storage. Finally, environmental sustainability is gaining importance, with many brands adopting eco-friendly manufacturing processes and packaging and more refined designs compared to their predecessors. If you're looking for innovation and versatility in design, foldables are an exciting option. However, be prepared for higher prices and a bit of added bulk compared to traditional smartphones. 

When selecting a smartphone, features such as 5G connectivity, fast charging, and water resistance are increasingly standard. In 2024, 5G is almost a must-have unless you live in a remote area where it isn’t available. You should also look for fast charging capabilities — especially for mid-range and premium smartphones. Anything below 45W charging is now considered slow, and for flagships, wireless charging and reverse wireless charging are nice perks to consider. 

On top of this, virtual RAM has become a common feature, but don’t be fooled — it’s no substitute for actual RAM. Always prioritize phones with at least 6 GB of real RAM, as this will provide smoother multitasking and app performance. 

Cameras 

A great camera setup is essential for many buyers, and in 2024, sensor size is more important than megapixel count. Larger sensors allow for better low-light performance and more natural-looking images, especially when combined with optical image stabilization (OIS). While more megapixels can offer sharper images, especially when zoomed in, they aren't as important as good image processing and larger sensors. 

If you're investing in a high-end or premium phone, look for features like telephoto or periscope lenses, which offer better zoom capabilities. AI-powered camera enhancements have also become integral, offering tools like object removal, scene optimization, and enhanced night modes. 

Also Read: 9 Best Periscope Telephoto Camera Phones for optical zoom in 2024

AI Features 

Artificial intelligence (AI) plays a significant role in today’s smartphones. From predictive text and auto-translation to intelligent camera features, AI is now deeply embedded in various aspects of mobile functionality. Phones with strong NPUs (Neural Processing Units) can execute AI tasks more efficiently, enhancing user experience with features like real-time transcription, enhanced low-light photography, and even battery optimization. 

If AI features like object removal and text prediction matter to you, look for smartphones with powerful AI processors. For example, some of the latest Qualcomm Snapdragon and MediaTek Dimensity chips excel in AI tasks, making them ideal choices for users looking to future-proof their devices. 

OS and UI 

The operating system (OS) and user interface (UI) can significantly affect your smartphone experience. In the budget and mid-range segments, phones often come with a lot of bloatware, which can clutter the interface and reduce performance. However, in the premium segment, you should expect a clean, seamless software experience. Brands like Google (Pixel phones) and Motorola (Hello UI) offer minimal bloatware with a near-stock Android experience, while brands like Samsung and Xiaomi tend to have feature-rich UIs but may come with pre-installed apps. 

When choosing a phone, also consider the longevity of software updates. In 2024, many brands are offering 3-4 years of OS updates, with some like Google providing up to 7 years. If you plan on using your phone for several years, pick one with extended update support. 

Audio 

When it comes to audio quality, most modern smartphones have moved away from the 3.5mm headphone jack, so wireless audio is becoming the norm. Look for devices with high-quality stereo speakers for a better multimedia experience, especially if you consume a lot of content on your phone. Dolby Atmos support is a nice addition for more immersive sound, though this feature is generally found on mid-range and premium phones. 

If you're an audiophile, you might also want to check for Bluetooth codecs like LDAC and aptX, which provide better sound quality over wireless connections. 

Performance 

Performance is a key factor when choosing a smartphone, especially when looking at mid-range and premium devices. For budget phones, performance has improved considerably, with phones under ₹20,000 offering decent day-to-day usability. In this range, you should aim for at least a MediaTek Dimensity 6000 series or Qualcomm Snapdragon 600/700 series chip to ensure smooth multitasking and app usage. 

In the mid-range segment (₹20,000 to ₹40,000), you can expect near-flagship performance with processors like the MediaTek Dimensity 7200 or the Qualcomm Snapdragon 7+ Gen 3. For high-end devices, you’ll want to go for phones with Snapdragon 8 Gen 2 or similar chipsets to handle gaming, AI tasks, and multitasking with ease. 

Display 

Smartphone displays have become a key differentiator, and OLED or AMOLED panels are a must, even in budget phones. They offer richer colours, deeper blacks, and better energy efficiency compared to LCD panels. For mid-range and high-end smartphones, look for additional features like HDR10+ support, high refresh rates (120Hz or more), and even LTPO technology, which adjusts the refresh rate dynamically to save battery life. 

While 144Hz and 165Hz displays are marketed for gaming, a 120Hz display is more than sufficient for most users. Spending extra for higher refresh rates might not be necessary unless you're a hardcore gamer.

Also Read: Brightness ratings for smartphones explained  

Battery Life 

Battery life is a critical consideration when buying a smartphone. In 2024, most mid-range and flagship smartphones should last you a full day of usage with moderate to heavy use, especially if they pack a 4,500mAh or larger battery. However, if you’re opting for a thinner, sleeker design, you may need to compromise on battery capacity. For heavy users, a phone with fast charging (67W or higher) is essential, allowing you to charge your device quickly and get back to work or play. 

For those prioritizing longevity, keep an eye out for phones with energy-efficient OLED displays, large batteries (5,000mAh or more), and processors that are optimized for power efficiency. 

Mainstream laptops are designed to cater to a broad range of users, offering a balance between performance, features, and affordability. They are perfect for tasks like office work, web browsing, media consumption, and light creative work. Here’s a detailed breakdown of the factors to consider when choosing a mainstream laptop. 

Key factors to consider when buying a laptop 

Build and Design 

Mainstream laptops come in various designs, but the key is balancing portability and durability. Many models feature plastic bodies, which are lightweight and affordable, but some higher-end models incorporate metal or aluminium for a more premium feel and better durability. 

Portability: Most mainstream laptops range from 13 to 15 inches in screen size, making them light enough for carrying around without compromising on-screen real estate. For users on the go, laptops weighing under 2kg are ideal, providing a good mix of portability and usability. 

Durability: While plastic builds are common in budget models, laptops with metal bodies are more durable and resistant to wear and tear. However, plastic models can still be robust, especially when paired with good internal structures. 

Aesthetics: Many mainstream laptops now offer sleek designs, thin bezels around the display, and minimalistic looks. Colours and finishes can vary, giving users a degree of personalization in their choice. 

Ergonomics: The design of the hinge, screen angle adjustability, and keyboard placement are important aspects that contribute to the overall comfort of using the laptop for extended periods. 

Laptop performance 

Performance is a critical factor when selecting a laptop, and it largely depends on the internal hardware components like the processor, RAM, storage, and graphics. 

Processor: Mainstream laptops are often equipped with Intel Core i5 or i7 processors or AMD Ryzen 5 and Ryzen 7, which are efficient for handling everyday tasks like web browsing, document editing, and light multitasking. For heavier tasks, such as running multiple programs or light video editing, opting for a higher-tier processor like the Intel i7 or Ryzen 7 is advisable. 

RAM: A minimum of 8GB of RAM is recommended for smooth performance in daily use. However, 16GB is ideal if you multitask frequently, run heavier applications, or plan to future-proof your device. While 32GB RAM is rare in mainstream laptops, it can be a good investment for power users or those working with large datasets. 

Storage: Most mainstream laptops now come with SSDs (Solid-State Drives), which significantly improve boot times and overall system responsiveness compared to traditional HDDs (Hard Disk Drives). A 512GB SSD is often enough for most users, but those handling larger files or a vast media library might need 1TB or consider external storage options. 

Graphics: Mainstream laptops typically rely on integrated graphics (Intel Iris Xe or AMD Radeon) for general tasks, which are sufficient for media playback, casual gaming, and light creative work. However, if you plan to do more graphically intensive tasks, such as 3D rendering or heavy gaming, opting for a laptop with a discrete GPU, such as the NVIDIA GTX 1650, would offer a performance boost. 

Features 

Mainstream laptops offer a variety of features designed to enhance usability and connectivity. 

Operating System: Most mainstream laptops come pre-loaded with Windows 11, offering a modern, user-friendly interface and extensive software support. Some models also offer Linux or Chrome OS for users with specific needs or preferences. 

Additional Features: Many laptops offer features such as backlit keyboards, which improve usability in low-light environments, fingerprint sensors for enhanced security, and webcam privacy shutters. 

Cooling Systems: Efficient thermal management is crucial, especially for those who multitask or perform slightly more demanding tasks. Better cooling allows for improved performance without the risk of overheating. 

Upgradeability: While many mainstream laptops are not as upgradeable as gaming or premium models, some still allow for easy upgrades of RAM and storage. If you plan to use the laptop long-term, having the ability to upgrade components can be beneficial. 

I/O (Trackpad, Keyboard, and Cameras) 

The quality of the input devices directly impacts the user experience. 

Trackpad: A good trackpad is responsive and supports multi-touch gestures for ease of use. Precision touchpads, common in modern laptops, offer smoother scrolling and better gesture control. Some models may offer glass trackpads, which provide a premium feel and enhanced durability. 

Keyboard: Mainstream laptops usually feature chiclet-style keyboards, offering a good balance between travel distance and feedback. Backlit keyboards are becoming more common and are useful for working in dimly lit environments. The key travel and layout are crucial for ensuring comfort, especially during long typing sessions. 

Camera: The integrated webcam on mainstream laptops typically offers 720p resolution, which is adequate for video calls but might not provide the best image quality in low light. Some models include physical privacy shutters, ensuring the camera is off when not in use. 

Audio Input: Microphone quality is another factor for those who regularly attend virtual meetings or need to make calls. Noise cancellation features are a bonus, especially for clearer voice capture in noisy environments. 

Battery life of your laptop

Battery life can vary widely depending on the laptop’s hardware and how it’s used. 

Capacity: Mainstream laptops generally offer battery life ranging from 6 to 10 hours, depending on usage. Ultrabooks or thin-and-light models tend to provide the longest battery life, thanks to energy-efficient components and smaller displays. 

Usage Patterns: If you’re running basic productivity software or browsing the web, the battery can last longer. However, demanding tasks like video editing or gaming can significantly reduce battery life. Most mainstream laptops balance power efficiency and performance, allowing them to last through a typical workday without needing to be plugged in. 

Fast Charging: Many models now support fast charging, allowing users to quickly get their device back to usable levels within 30-60 minutes. This is a significant advantage for those frequently on the move. 

Display types in laptops

The display is one of the most important aspects of a laptop as it directly impacts user experience. 

Resolution: Most mainstream laptops feature Full HD (1920×1080) displays, which provide crisp visuals and are perfect for web browsing, video streaming, and document editing. For users who prioritize sharper visuals, some models offer 2K or 4K panels, although these tend to drain the battery more quickly. 

Panel Quality: An IPS panel is recommended for better color reproduction and viewing angles, especially for users involved in photo editing or media consumption. Budget models might come with TN panels, which offer faster response times but have worse viewing angles and color accuracy. 

Refresh Rate: Most mainstream laptops come with a standard 60Hz refresh rate, which is sufficient for everyday tasks. However, if you plan to use the laptop for gaming or video editing, a higher refresh rate (like 120Hz or 144Hz) would offer smoother visuals. 

Touchscreen: Some mainstream laptops offer touchscreens, which can be useful for certain tasks but are often unnecessary for most users. These models tend to be priced higher and are typically found in 2-in-1 convertible laptops. 

Audio 

The audio quality in mainstream laptops has improved over time, but it remains one of the weaker aspects in this category. 

Speakers: Most laptops feature stereo speakers, often enhanced with software like Dolby Audio or DTS Surround. While these can offer decent sound for casual use, external speakers or headphones are recommended for a better audio experience, particularly when watching movies or listening to music. 

Headphone Output: For users who prioritize sound quality, the quality of the headphone jack is an important consideration. Some laptops come with high-quality DACs (Digital-to-Analog Converters) for superior audio performance when using wired headphones. 

Microphone Quality: Built-in microphones vary in quality, but laptops equipped with dual-array microphones offer better voice capture for virtual meetings or recording. 

Price to performance across budgets in laptops

Mainstream laptops are designed to offer the best value for money. Generally, they are the sweet spot for most users, falling between Rs 40,000 and Rs 80,000. 

Budget Options: For Rs 40,000 to Rs 60,000, you can get a laptop with decent performance for basic tasks, but you may need to compromise on build quality, display, or storage capacity. 

Mid-range: Laptops priced between Rs 60,000 and Rs 80,000 offer the best balance of performance, features, and build quality. You can expect a Full HD display, a capable processor (like an Intel i5 or Ryzen 5), 8GB to 16GB of RAM, and at least 512GB of SSD storage. 

Premium Mainstream Laptops: At the higher end of the spectrum (Rs 80,000 to Rs 1,00,000), you get more premium features like better build quality, higher-resolution displays, faster processors (Intel i7 or Ryzen 7), and dedicated graphics. These laptops provide superior performance for more demanding tasks while still remaining affordable compared to high-end gaming or professional laptops. 

Gaming laptops have become increasingly popular due to their portability and ability to deliver high-end performance for gaming and multitasking. While they tend to be more expensive than mainstream laptops, their cutting-edge technology, specialised features, and performance enhancements make them well worth the investment for gamers. Here’s a detailed breakdown of key considerations when buying a gaming laptop. 

Key things to consider when buying a gaming laptop

Build and Design 

Gaming laptops are typically designed with a focus on aesthetics, durability, and cooling efficiency. 

Aesthetics: Unlike mainstream laptops, gaming laptops often have bold, aggressive designs with customizable RGB lighting on the keyboard, vents, and chassis. These visual cues not only provide a gaming-centric aesthetic but also reflect the powerful components housed within. 

Durability: Gaming laptops are usually built from more robust materials, such as reinforced plastic or aluminium, to withstand the heat generated during extended gaming sessions. This also ensures they can handle more wear and tear, given the portability gamers often require. Some higher-end models incorporate metal finishes, giving them a premium feel and added resilience. 

Size and Weight: Due to the inclusion of advanced cooling systems, high-performance GPUs, and larger batteries, gaming laptops tend to be bulkier and heavier than their mainstream counterparts. Many models range from 15 to 17 inches, with some even featuring 18-inch displays for an immersive experience. While this makes them less portable, it also ensures better airflow and more powerful hardware configurations. 

Performance and Thermals of Gaming Laptops

Performance is the heart of any gaming laptop, and the components that drive this performance are the CPU, GPU, RAM, and storage. 

Processor (CPU): Gaming laptops usually come equipped with powerful processors such as the Intel Core i7 or i9, or AMD Ryzen 7 and Ryzen 9. These CPUs are essential for managing both the gaming workload and multitasking with applications like streaming or video editing. For those who play CPU-intensive games, such as real-time strategy or simulation games, having a high-performance processor is crucial. 

Graphics (GPU): The graphics card is the most important component in a gaming laptop, dictating how well the machine handles modern games. Dedicated GPUs like the NVIDIA GeForce RTX series or AMD Radeon RX series are standard in gaming laptops. Higher-end models often feature GPUs like the RTX 3070, 3080, or even the 40-series cards, which provide exceptional performance for AAA titles and VR gaming. Ray tracing capabilities, offered by the RTX line, allow for realistic lighting, reflections, and shadows, adding another layer of immersion. 

RAM: At least 16GB of RAM is recommended for most gaming laptops, providing enough memory for running games smoothly, as well as background applications like Discord or streaming software. Some higher-end models offer up to 32GB or even 64GB, ensuring future-proofing and enhanced multitasking capabilities. 

Storage: Speed is key in gaming laptops, so most models now come with NVMe SSDs, which greatly reduce load times and improve system responsiveness. A 512GB SSD is a good starting point, but 1TB is preferable for gamers who install multiple large games. Some gaming laptops also include hybrid storage solutions, combining a smaller SSD for the operating system and frequently played games with a larger HDD for mass storage. 

Thermal Management: High-performance components generate a lot of heat, making effective cooling crucial in gaming laptops. Most models feature advanced cooling solutions, including multiple heat pipes, dual fans, and larger exhaust vents. Some even offer vapor chamber cooling or liquid metal thermal compounds to improve heat dissipation. Maintaining proper thermals prevents throttling, ensuring the laptop performs at its best during extended gaming sessions. 

Features 

Gaming laptops come with a variety of features tailored to enhance the gaming experience. 

RGB Lighting: RGB backlighting on the keyboard is a signature feature in gaming laptops, often customizable through software to sync with gameplay or personal preferences. Some models also feature per-key RGB lighting, allowing for more granular control and visual effects. 

High-end Connectivity: Gaming laptops generally include Wi-Fi 6 or Wi-Fi 6E for faster and more reliable wireless connections, which is crucial for competitive online gaming. Bluetooth 5.2 is another common feature, ensuring low-latency connections to wireless gaming peripherals like headsets and controllers. 

Software Optimizations: Many gaming laptops come with pre-installed software that optimizes system performance. Tools like MSI’s Dragon Center, Alienware Command Center, or ASUS ROG Armory Crate allow users to tweak system settings, control fan speeds, monitor performance, and adjust RGB lighting. These utilities are often integrated with in-game overlays for real-time adjustments. 

Gaming-Specific Features 

To truly excel as gaming machines, laptops often come with unique gaming-specific features that enhance the overall experience. 

Overclocking: High-end gaming laptops offer the ability to overclock the CPU or GPU, allowing users to push their hardware beyond factory settings for enhanced performance. Overclocking tools are often integrated into the laptop’s software suite, giving users control over power distribution and clock speeds. 

G-Sync and FreeSync: NVIDIA’s G-Sync and AMD’s FreeSync technologies are critical for reducing screen tearing and stuttering, providing smoother gameplay experiences. These technologies synchronize the laptop’s display refresh rate with the frame rate output from the GPU, ensuring better visuals, especially in fast-paced games. 

Macro Keys: Some gaming laptops feature programmable macro keys, allowing users to assign complex commands or sequences to a single key press. This is particularly useful for MMO (Massively Multiplayer Online) and RTS (Real-Time Strategy) gamers who need to execute multiple actions quickly. 

I/O (Input/Output) 

Gaming laptops often have a wide variety of ports and input options to accommodate external devices and peripherals. 

Ports: Most gaming laptops include a variety of USB-A and USB-C ports, along with dedicated HDMI and DisplayPort outputs for connecting external monitors. Thunderbolt 4 ports are common in higher-end models, allowing for faster data transfer and connection to external GPUs (eGPUs) or docks. Ethernet ports are also crucial for stable wired internet connections during competitive online play. 

Trackpad and Keyboard: While gaming laptops prioritize gaming mice for accuracy, the quality of the trackpad and keyboard should not be overlooked. Gaming laptops often feature mechanical or high-travel keyboards, providing tactile feedback for better control during gaming. Anti-ghosting and n-key rollover are common, ensuring that multiple key presses are accurately registered. The trackpad, though less critical for gaming, should still offer precision and responsiveness for everyday tasks. 

Camera: While not a priority for gaming, some gaming laptops come equipped with high-quality webcams, especially in the era of streaming. Integrated cameras with 1080p resolution and noise-canceling microphones can enhance the overall experience for streamers and content creators. 

Audio (Gaming-Specific) 

Audio is crucial in gaming, particularly for an immersive experience and communication in multiplayer games. 

Speakers: While most gaming laptops feature stereo speakers with decent sound quality, the inclusion of software like Dolby Atmos or Nahimic Audio enhances spatial awareness in games. This makes it easier to identify the direction of in-game sounds, such as footsteps or gunfire. 

Headphone Amplifiers: For those using high-quality gaming headsets, some laptops include integrated headphone amplifiers (DACs) to improve sound quality. Dedicated DACs ensure better audio fidelity and clearer voice communication, giving users a competitive edge in multiplayer games. 

Microphone: Noise-canceling microphones are a common feature in gaming laptops, ensuring clear voice communication during multiplayer sessions or live streaming. Some models even feature AI-powered noise suppression to filter out background noise. 

Display 

The display is one of the most important aspects of a gaming laptop, as it directly affects the gaming experience. 

Resolution: Gaming laptops typically come with Full HD (1920x1080) displays, but higher-end models offer 1440p (Quad HD) or 4K displays for more detailed visuals. However, higher resolutions may require more powerful GPUs to maintain high frame rates in demanding games. 

Refresh Rate: A high refresh rate is essential for smooth gameplay. Most gaming laptops offer refresh rates of 120Hz to 165Hz, with some models going as high as 240Hz or 300Hz. The higher the refresh rate, the smoother the gameplay, especially in fast-paced shooters or racing games. 

Response Time: Low response times (typically under 5ms) are crucial for competitive gaming, as they reduce motion blur and provide sharper images during fast movement. This is particularly important for first-person shooters, where reaction times can make or break a match. 

Panel Type: IPS panels are preferred for their superior colour accuracy and wider viewing angles, while TN panels offer faster response times at the expense of colour quality. Some gaming laptops offer OLED displays, which deliver vibrant colours and deep blacks, making them ideal for immersive single-player experiences. 

Ideal Configurations of Gaming Laptops 

Gaming laptops vary significantly in price, ranging from budget-friendly options to premium models designed for serious gamers. Understanding the price-to-performance ratio helps you make an informed decision about what to buy based on your budget and performance expectations. 

Budget Gaming Laptop

Typically priced between Rs 60,000 and Rs 1,00,000, budget gaming laptops often come equipped with entry-level GPUs like the NVIDIA GTX 1650 or RTX 3050, paired with an Intel i5 or Ryzen 5 processor. These machines offer decent performance for light gaming or older titles but may struggle with more demanding modern games on higher settings. However, these laptops provide excellent value for casual gamers or those looking to play indie or less graphically intensive games. Their affordability comes with some trade-offs, such as lower refresh rate screens (60Hz), limited RAM (8GB), and smaller storage capacities (256GB to 512GB SSD). 

Mid-Range Gaming Laptop

Laptops in the Rs 1,00,000 to Rs 1,50,000 range hit the sweet spot for many gamers. These laptops generally feature more powerful GPUs like the RTX 3060 or 3070, coupled with an Intel i7 or Ryzen 7 processor, allowing you to enjoy AAA games at medium to high settings without compromise. With 16GB of RAM and 512GB to 1TB SSD storage, mid-range laptops also come with additional features like higher refresh rates (120Hz to 165Hz) and better thermals, making them suitable for both gaming and content creation. These models offer the best price-to-performance ratio for most gamers, delivering strong performance without breaking the bank. 

High-End Gaming Laptop

High-end gaming laptops, priced above Rs 1,50,000, are geared towards serious gamers and professionals who need top-tier performance. Equipped with cutting-edge hardware like the NVIDIA RTX 3080 or 4080, these laptops can handle any modern game at ultra settings, often with features like ray tracing enabled. Combined with an Intel i9 or Ryzen 9 processor, 32GB to 64GB of RAM, and 1TB or more of SSD storage, these laptops deliver lightning-fast performance and future-proofing. They also include advanced features like G-Sync displays, mechanical keyboards, customizable RGB lighting, and enhanced cooling systems to prevent thermal throttling during extended gaming sessions. For those willing to invest, high-end gaming laptops are unbeatable in terms of both performance and longevity. 

Premium Features and Cost Justification

The most expensive gaming laptops also come with premium features that justify their price tags. These might include 4K displays, OLED panels, advanced cooling systems, Thunderbolt 4 connectivity, and extensive I/O options, making them not only gaming machines but also versatile workstations for content creators, developers, and professionals who require raw power and portability. However, gamers should evaluate whether they truly need these features for their specific use case, as budget-conscious buyers may find excellent performance at lower price points. 

Making the right display choice heavily depends upon the type of application intended. The parameters vary wildly depending upon whether you’re looking for a display that will serve as a TV in the living room, one that is meant to go with your gaming rig, or if you happen to be the sort of person who bases his mobile phone purchase largely upon the quality of the screen. Looking at gaming monitors, the choice is primarily restricted to LED-backlit LCD panels. However, you can always consider OLED TVs and monitors, which offer significantly better image fidelity provided you’re willing to spare no expense. We will tackle the differences between the two technologies a bit further down, but first, let’s figure out the first step in choosing the right monitor – that is, which panel you should go for. 

Key things to look out for when buying a monitor

What are the different monitor panel types?

TN Panels 

The most common panel type in the market, TN’s are as old as commercially viable LCD technology itself. If your TV manufacturer hasn’t listed out some exotic technology underpinning the panel, chances are it’s the good ol’ TN panel. Because this panel type’s simplicity and the fact that it has existed for donkey’s years, this allows it to be ubiquitous due to cheaper manufacturing cost. However, low cost isn’t its only trick.

TN panels are by far the quickest when it comes to response time. That is, the pixels within this panel are capable of changing their state quickly and thereby reduce motion artefacts such as blur. That’s why nearly all gaming monitors that support some sort of high refresh rate technology happen to be TN panels. Monitors that also incorporate active LCD shutter based 3D support usually employ TN panels because the 3D implementation requires monitors capable of frame rates upwards of 120 Hz.

Modern TN panels catering to gamers promise better motion handling and smoother experience by incorporating true 144 Hz refresh rates. This isn’t meant for 3D implementation, but to offer fluid gameplay experience for FPS gamers, where faster screen refreshes makes the difference between a frag and getting fragged. 

It’s cheap, fast, and perfect for gaming, so what’s the catch, you ask. Well, the prime weakness of this panel tragically happens to be picture quality. Make no mistake, the overall performance has improved by a wide margin over the years, but this technology still pales in comparison to other panel types.

Mind you, a decent TN panel can still provide sharp and detailed picture with adequate contrast around the 1000:1 mark. However, the colour reproduction isn’t as accurate as the competition. In fact, the overall vibrancy and colour performance is noticeably lacking. That, sadly, isn’t even its main problem. Restricted viewing angles are by far its biggest failing. Don’t go by the specs, where you can find generous viewing angles mentioned, but the amount of colour shift in practical terms is disconcertingly high.

View these panels from a reasonably off-centre position, and the colour shift gets worse to the point of complete inversion, wherein the image appears as a film negative. While controlling horizontal viewing angles is relatively easy in a monitor for a single user, controlling the vertical viewing angle is a lot more difficult. If you have a large enough monitor (say 27-inch), colour shifts are going to be a serious problem unless we’re dealing with a really good TN panel. 

In short, choose TN panels only if you value 3D and gaming over colour accuracy. These are definitely not the kind of panels you choose for colour accurate web designing, video production, and photo manipulation purposes. 

IPS Panels 

If TN is at one end of the LCD quality spectrum, IPS (In Plane Switching) panels lie at the very extreme. Nothing beats this technology when it comes to absolute picture quality. It delivers the trifecta of image quality, colour accuracy, and viewing angles, thereby making it indispensable for colour accurate work such as web/graphics design and photo/video editing. As expected, these monitors also happen to be at the higher end of the price spectrum. But for the money, you get sharp, crisp picture with vibrant colour reproduction and viewing angles as wide as 178 degrees. In fact, IPS panels are the way to go if you’re looking for a larger display meant to accommodate more than one viewer. 

Pricey IPS panels may offer much higher image fidelity than TN panels, but the technology still has its Achilles heel. The response time of this technology is the slowest of the lot, and ranges from 6 ms to 16 ms depending upon how deep your pockets can go. Make no mistake, this is only a tad bit slower than the average TN panel and not even noticeable in day to day usage. However, slower response time can be telling in video games. If you’re an FPS gamer who’s particular about image quality, you might want to choose IPS panels that deliver a response time of 8 ms or lower. 

Dig deeper within the IPS hierarchy and you’ll find further subdivisions that are differentiated by their inherent pixel structure. Each variant has its own pros and cons, wherein parameters such as colour accuracy, contrast, and black levels vary according to the technology employed. S-IPS panels, for example, cost a premium and can be identified by the presence of a purple hue on blacks, when the screen is viewed from chronically acute angles. The cost factor makes this IPS type not as widespread. This is especially true of the more modern H-IPS panels, which incorporate a pixel structure that leads to improved contrast ratios and finer pixel pitch for improved image quality. 

Most affordable IPS panels, however, are e-IPS that are pretty decent image quality wise, but only offer 6-bit colour depth. This is rarely an issue considering modern video processing hardware does a pretty good job at FRC/dithering to achieve true colour output despite the 6-bit panel limitation. H-IPS and S-IPS panels with true 8-bit panels are usually necessary in prohibitively expensive colour accurate monitors for professionals. 

VA Panels 

Vertical Alignment (VA) panels lie somewhere in the middle of the cost/quality spectrum of LCD displays. This panel type is further dubdivided into S-PVA/MVA and offer significantly better colour as well as generous viewing angles when compared to TN panels. Again, like the IPS panels, VA panels tend to have slower response times. Since this technology is more or less similar to S-IPS, it also faces the same problems. Even though VA panels deliver great colour performance and wide viewing angles, it’s still not as good as IPS panels. To make matters worse, the response times is worse when compared to IPS. These panels are definitely not the right fit for gamers, because they tend to add palpable input lag as well. 

On the flip side, VA panels tend to offer better blacks even when compared to IPS due to their inherently better contrast ratios. Unfortunately, the performance isn’t as balanced because these panels are marred by serious colour shift issues, which also lead to annoying brightness levels across the width, especially when viewing even from a slight off centre angle.

What’s more, even the central viewing position isn’t immune to issues. Colour shifts tend to cause reduced darker details in dark scenes, even when viewed directly from the centre. While some users aren’t sensitive to these colour shifts and uneven brightness, but still others deem it a deal-breaking issue. Thankfully the proliferation of cost effective IPS panels means that VA technology has more or less been edged out. You’re better off avoiding monitors with these panels, since you’re likely to find a good IPS alternative at roughly the same price range. 

The World Beyond LCD  

LED-backlit LCDs is doing great in the computer monitor space, but once you enter the realm of larger screens, it opens up the market for OLED alternatives. The sublime plasma technology may be dead, but it’s throne is taken over by another capable emissive alternative that is OLED, which fills in the gaps left behind by LED displays. What follows is an overview of how the emissive OLED displays trump transmissive LED panels in crucial picture quality parameters. 

Rich Colours 

Colours in LCD panels are limited by their rather convoluted means of colour reproduction. These displays essentially use liquid-crystal filters to block and bend light to create different colours. This isn’t the most fool-proof or efficient means of creating colours, and is marred further by optical anomalies that compromise colour fidelity. On the other hand, every individual pixel in an OLED panel generates accurate colours by exciting the phosphors to emit light of desired colour. Since this approach is similar to that of CRT TVs, OLED sare better at producing excellent contrast levels and rendering accurate colours with rich saturation. 

Better Blacks 

Being emissive displays, OLED don’t require backlighting, which is the primary cause of black crush, or the inability to render black detail in LED panels. OLEDs can achieve perfect black levels because these panels can switch individual pixels off completely. The lack of a backlight fouling with pixels that are supposed to be darkened, affords much better black detail. Full-matrix backlit LED TVs advertised as locally-dimmed panels try to get around this problem, but they end up introducing the distracting halo effect in the darker scenes. 

No Backlight Bleed 

Backlight bleed, as the name suggests, is a typical problem faced by transmissive displays such as LCDs and LED-backlit LCDs. Conspicuous bright and dark spots spread randomly across the panel are tell-tale signs of this phenomenon affecting virtually all LED televisions. Such bleeding affects colour and picture uniformity, and is caused by range of factors ranging from imperfect backlight diffusion panels to chassis deformation. Since backlight bleed is linked to material and build quality, it is less prevalent in high-end LED panels. But because it affects cheaper displays the worst, it makes their already poor grey-scale performance end up looking even worse off. OLED TVs, on the other hand, don’t suffer from these gremlins. These emissive panels don’t have to bother with backlights and complicated diffusion panels like LCD panels, thereby making them completely immune to these issues. 

Faster Response Time 

LCD displays have a much slower pixel response time as compared to OLEDs, which are ten times as fast as conventional LED displays. Pixel response time represents the delay in transitioning from grey to black and white to black states by individual pixels. LEDs are marked by slow response times because the liquid crystals are reconfigured by electrical stimulation to modulate the backlight. The pixels are slow to refresh because the liquid crystals can’t change states fast enough, thereby causing fast moving images to appear blurred to the human eye.

Slow response time can be an issue if you watch a lot of sports, action movies, or play video games. Spend more on LED televisions and you’ll find fancier models that employ electronic wizardry such as backlight scanning, higher refresh rates, frame interpolation, and pixel overdrive to mitigate the issue. Interestingly, these can also be applied to OLEDs for even better blur reduction. 

Better Viewing Angles 

Compared to OLED panels, LEDs are significantly more complicated. This complex design also results in the optimal viewing angle being restricted to a narrow sweet spot directly in front of the display. That’s because transmissive LCD panels pass light through various layers of colour and polarising filters in addition to a liquid crystal layer that block, bend, and vary the intensity of light to produce images. It’s the resulting gap between the backlight and the various layers that introduces colour shift and other picture quality imperfections when viewed from extreme angles.

Newer LCD technologies such as IPS panels have greatly improved off-axis screen performance, but nothing comes close to the viewing angles achieved by OLEDs. Because these panels emit light – as opposed to LEDs blocking it – they offer excellent off-axis performance, with virtually no colour and gamma uniformity issues even when viewed from extremely acute angles. 

It's amply clear that OLED displays are worthy successors to the legacy of plasma and CRT technology. It's overcomes the problems of size, weight, and power inefficiency of its emissive predecessors and in some aspects even improves upon the picture quality. Unfortunately, the efforts of the LCD lobby, which obviously wants to safeguard its multi-billion dollar investment in manufacturing plants, could see the technology meet the same fate as plasma televisions.

The fact that all major TV manufacturers are pushing the more expensive, yet inferior Quantum Dot LCD technology as a replacement to OLED TVs is quite concerning. Mobile phones is the only space where OLEDs are being pushed thanks to the efforts of manufacturers such as Samsung, which regularly outfits its flagship offeringswith AMOLED displays. The fact that Apple itself has recently ordered 100,000 OLED panels from Samsung for its iPhone is another good sign. 

A Matter of Resolution 

Resolution has different ramifications depending upon the type of application. IPS Monitors generally ship in wider screen size variation with generous resolutions such as 2560 x 1440 instead of 1920 x 1080 for 27-inch models and 2560 x 1600 for 30-inch models. But before you make that sort of commitment, make sure that your gaming rig is good enough to handle the extra load. As a thumb rule, Full HD resolution is good enough for TV usage. You don’t want to get 4K TVs yet because there isn’t any real 4K content and existing Full HD streaming and Blu-ray content will look worse on a non-native 4K screen. 

Apart from the usual trappings of OLED and LCD, panels also come in glossy and matte choices. The glossy variants are come in handy if you are keen on maintaining blacks fidelity and prefer your colours popping out unhindered. On the down side, these panels tend to be extremely susceptible to glare and reflections. Modern glossy plasma panels compensate by employing high-tech anti-reflective and anti-glare coatings, though.

Matte displays, on the other hand, may reduce glare and reflections, but an aggressive matte coating can affect sharpness and diminish the integrity of whites, as well as hinder black levels. It’s wiser to opt for glossy displays if you have ideal lighting conditions and no instances of glare and reflections. 

Final Considerations 

HDMI and now Display Port is the de facto standard and therefore you need at least three of those inputs at the bare minimum for your set-top box, DVD/Blu-ray player, and video game console. If you plan to hook up your PC as well, and it’s perfectly alright to do so, you may want to check out the superior DVI-D, and in some rare cases, Display Port inputs as well.

These are foolproof means to get signal from your PC because the DRM-addled nature of the HDMI standard means that certain TVs (those made by Panasonic, for example) will not let you hook up a PC through the HDMI interconnect. 

Additional features such as digital audio outputs and TRS stereo/headphone outputs come in handy to get a clean digital audio signal out of the TV or to connect headphones. Most modern TVs ship with USB inputs, which allow playback of various video formats. This is a boon for those who want to watch photos or downloaded movies, but don’t expect them to deliver the performance and the file support of standalone devices specifically meant for the purpose. 

Smart TVs generally tend to be quite expensive, so you might want to reconsider paying extra just for this feature when you can buy aftermarket boxes (or even certain Blu-ray players) that allow you to convert any regular TV set into a smart TV. These TVs incorporate Wi-Fi and Ethernet connectivity and support inbuilt apps to access streaming video services. At any rate, just don’t expect the same level of usability and speed as your PC or smartphone and you won’t be disappointed. 

When purchasing a keyboard, several factors influence the overall experience, ranging from build quality to features and connectivity options. Let’s break down each of these aspects to help you buy the best keyboard for your needs –

Key things to look for when buying a keyboard

Build Quality and Design 

One of the most important things to look for when buying a keyboard is build quality. A sturdy, well-built keyboard will offer better longevity, especially if you type frequently or use it for gaming. Keyboards can be made from a variety of materials, including plastic, aluminium, and even stainless steel, in premium models.

A metal frame adds durability, reducing flex and ensuring a stable typing surface. The weight of the keyboard can also affect its feel—heavier models generally provide a more solid, premium experience, while lighter ones are more portable. 

Design-wise, keyboards come in various sizes. Full-sized keyboards, which include a numpad, are suitable for users who need those extra keys for data entry or gaming macros.

Tenkeyless (TKL) designs eliminate the number pad, saving space and offering a more compact layout. 60% and 75% of keyboards are even more minimalistic, removing function keys, arrows, or other non-essential keys, which is ideal for users who prioritise desk space and portability. 

Ergonomics is another critical consideration. Many keyboards are available with ergonomic designs that offer wrist support or split layouts to reduce strain during long typing sessions. If comfort is a top priority, consider models with adjustable tilt angles or detachable wrist rests. 

Mechanical or Membrane 

One of the biggest choices you'll need to make is whether to go with a mechanical or membrane keyboard. 

Membrane keyboards are the most common and usually less expensive. These use a rubber dome to register key presses, offering a softer, quieter typing experience. While membrane keyboards are affordable and adequate for most basic tasks, they can feel less precise and are generally less durable compared to mechanical options. 

Mechanical keyboards, on the other hand, are preferred for their durability, tactile feedback, and customisable switches. Each key on a mechanical keyboard has its own mechanical switch, making them more precise and responsive. 

When it comes to mechanical switches, there are three main types to consider: 

• Linear Switches: These offer a smooth keystroke without tactile feedback or a clicking sound. Cherry MX Red is a popular linear switch type, often favoured by gamers for its smooth actuation. 
• Tactile Switches: Tactile switches provide a noticeable bump in the middle of the keypress, signalling that the key has been activated. Cherry MX Brown is one of the most popular tactile switches, balancing typing and gaming needs. 
• Clicky Switches: These switches provide both tactile feedback and an audible click with each keystroke, giving the typist a satisfying response. Cherry MX Blue is a common example of a clicky switch, though it's worth noting that loud clicks may not be suitable for shared spaces. 

Other notable switch manufacturers include Gateron, Kailh, and Razer, each offering variations that cater to different preferences. Some users may also opt for hot-swappable keyboards, which allow you to change out the switches without soldering, offering more flexibility and customisation. 

Features 

Modern keyboards come packed with a variety of features, many of which can enhance both productivity and enjoyment. 

• RGB Lighting: One of the most popular features in gaming and premium keyboards is customisable RGB lighting. Not only does it add aesthetic appeal, but it can also be programmed for specific colour patterns, key functions, or even game profiles. Some keyboards come with software that lets you adjust the lighting to your exact preferences, syncing it with other RGB peripherals. 
• Programmable Keys: Many gaming keyboards offer programmable keys or macro support, allowing you to customise key bindings or assign sequences of actions to a single keystroke. This is a huge advantage in gaming, where quick reactions can make the difference between victory and defeat. Even in non-gaming tasks, macros can streamline complex workflows, saving time and effort. 
• Dedicated Media Controls: For users who consume a lot of media, dedicated media controls (such as play, pause, skip, and volume adjustments) can be a valuable addition. These are typically found in higher-end keyboards and provide quick access to media functions without interrupting your workflow or game. 
• Removable or Braided Cables: Many high-quality keyboards come with removable or braided cables, which offer improved durability and portability. Braided cables are more resistant to fraying, while removable cables make transporting the keyboard easier, reducing wear and tear. 
• N-Key Rollover and Anti-Ghosting: For gamers, n-key rollover (NKRO) and anti-ghosting are essential features. NKRO allows the keyboard to register multiple key presses simultaneously, which is crucial in fast-paced gaming scenarios. Anti-ghosting prevents unintended key presses from being registered, ensuring that each keystroke is accurately detected, even when pressing several keys at once. 

What are the differences between Wired vs Wireless keyboards?

When it comes to connectivity, you have two main options: wired or wireless. 

• Wired Keyboards: Wired keyboards are connected to your PC via USB and are generally considered more reliable due to their consistent connection and zero input lag. For gaming, a wired connection is typically the go-to option since it ensures fast, uninterrupted communication between the keyboard and the computer. Additionally, wired keyboards don't require batteries or recharging, making them a hassle-free option for most users. 
• Wireless Keyboards: Wireless keyboards offer more flexibility, providing a clutter-free desk setup and portability. Most wireless keyboards connect via Bluetooth or 2.4GHz wireless receivers. Bluetooth is more commonly found in office or casual-use keyboards, while 2.4GHz wireless is preferred for gaming and other low-latency applications due to its faster response times. 

The downside of wireless keyboards is the need for battery management. Many models come with rechargeable batteries, but some still use replaceable AA or AAA batteries. Premium wireless keyboards often offer long battery life, with some models lasting several weeks on a single charge, depending on use. 

Dual-Mode Connectivity: Some keyboards offer dual-mode connectivity, allowing users to switch between wired and wireless operation. This provides the convenience of wireless use while retaining the option for a wired connection when needed, such as during gaming sessions where low latency is a priority. 

When choosing the ideal computer mouse, the options can be overwhelming. Whether you're upgrading for gaming, work, or general use, understanding the various features and specifications is essential to making an informed decision. This guide is designed for the tech-savvy individual who wants to get the most out of their mouse. We'll explore crucial factors such as build quality, performance, sensor accuracy, DPI, polling rate, on-board memory, features, and whether to opt for a wired or wireless setup. 

Key things to consider when buying a mouse

Ensuring Durability and Comfort 

Build quality is one of the first things to assess when selecting a mouse. The quality of materials, durability, and design significantly affect not only how long the mouse will last but also your experience while using it. Look for durable materials like high-grade plastics, rubberized grips, and even metal components in high-end models. Over time, these materials will withstand wear and tear better than cheaper alternatives. 

Ergonomics plays a critical role in ensuring comfort during extended use. Ergonomic design is especially important for preventing strain and discomfort during long work or gaming sessions. The ideal mouse should fit your hand's natural posture, reducing the risk of repetitive strain injuries (RSIs). Your grip style is also a factor—whether you prefer a palm, claw, or fingertip grip will determine the shape and size of the mouse that best suits you. 

Don't overlook the importance of glide pads or feet, which ensure smooth movement across the surface. The type of glide material should complement your mousepad (e.g., fabric, glass, or hard surfaces) to achieve the best friction balance for precision and speed. Additionally, while RGB lighting might add some flair, remember that it's primarily cosmetic and doesn't enhance performance. 

Performance: Precision is Key 

The performance of your mouse will largely depend on technical specifications like sensor accuracy, polling rate, and DPI settings, especially if you're into high-performance computing tasks such as gaming, graphic design, or coding. 

Sensor Accuracy 

The sensor is the core technology driving your mouse's performance. Optical and laser sensors dominate the market, but optical sensors tend to offer superior accuracy in most use cases, particularly for gaming. Sensors like the PixArt PMW3360 and PMW3389 are widely regarded for their flawless performance, offering low latency, high responsiveness, and exceptional precision. When selecting a mouse, opt for a model with a proven, well-received sensor to avoid issues like jitter or inconsistent tracking, which can hinder gaming or precision tasks. 

Polling Rate 

The polling rate refers to how frequently the mouse reports its position to the computer. Measured in Hertz (Hz), this value dictates the smoothness and responsiveness of the mouse. A higher polling rate (e.g., 1,000Hz) ensures smoother tracking by reporting movements to the computer 1,000 times per second, which reduces lag and improves real-time accuracy. This is particularly crucial for FPS (first-person shooter) gamers, where even milliseconds of delay can affect performance. In general, aim for a polling rate of at least 1,000Hz, though some gaming mice offer polling rates as high as 4,000Hz for cutting-edge responsiveness. 

DPI (Dots Per Inch) 

DPI measures the sensitivity of the mouse, indicating how much the cursor moves on the screen relative to the physical movement of the mouse. A higher DPI allows for greater sensitivity, which can be useful for large, high-resolution displays where minimal physical movement is desirable. However, for most general and gaming purposes, a DPI range of 600 to 1,500 is optimal. Tech-savvy users should look for mice that offer adjustable DPI settings, preferably with multiple levels to fine-tune sensitivity based on their task or game. High-end mice often feature DPI switches that let you change DPI on the fly, offering real-time adaptability. 

The ability to adjust DPI in smaller increments (such as 50 DPI steps) gives users more granular control, allowing them to find the perfect balance between speed and precision for various tasks, from pixel-perfect design work to rapid gaming manoeuvres. 

Customization at Your Fingertips 

For those who frequently switch between tasks, games, or devices, on-board memory is a significant advantage. On-board memory allows users to store custom profiles directly on the mouse, saving settings such as button assignments, macros, DPI levels, and RGB lighting preferences. This is especially useful for competitive gamers or professionals who may need to switch between different setups or computers without losing their personalized configurations. 

Many premium gaming mice offer the ability to store multiple profiles in on-board memory, so switching between them becomes seamless. Even if you're working on a computer without proprietary software installed, the mouse can retain your settings, a convenience that tech enthusiasts will appreciate. 

Power Users, This is For You 

Mice for power users—especially gamers and tech enthusiasts—come loaded with extra features that elevate the overall experience. Let’s dive into some key ones: 

1. DPI Clutch: This is a handy feature often found in gaming mice. The DPI clutch, or sniper button, temporarily reduces the DPI for precision aiming in FPS games. This allows you to lower sensitivity for more precise shots without permanently changing your settings. 
2. Programmable Buttons: Many mice, especially gaming-focused ones, come with additional buttons that can be customized for shortcuts, commands, or even macros. For instance, MMO gamers can benefit from mice with 12 or more programmable side buttons for executing in-game actions. But even in non-gaming contexts, these programmable buttons can streamline workflows in design software or productivity apps. 
3. Macro Support: Gamers, designers, and developers often need complex commands or actions executed with a single click. Macro support allows users to assign sequences of actions to one button, saving time and effort. For gaming, this can mean quick access to complex combos or actions, while in a productivity context, it might automate repetitive tasks. 
4. RGB Lighting: While not a functional necessity, RGB lighting offers a way to personalize your setup. Some models provide extensive lighting zones and customizable effects that sync with other peripherals. High-end mice from brands like Razer and Corsair allow users to control RGB settings via software, offering thousands of colour combinations and lighting effects. 

Bridging the Latency Gap 

For many, the choice between wired and wireless mice is pivotal. In the past, wireless mice suffered from latency issues and required frequent battery replacements, but modern wireless mice have bridged this gap. 

5. Wired Mice: Wired mice remain a popular choice for gamers and professionals who prioritize consistent, uninterrupted performance. They eliminate the need for battery management and are free from potential connectivity issues. Wired mice are often lighter as they don't require batteries, and they tend to be slightly more affordable than their wireless counterparts. 
6. Wireless Mice: The advancement of wireless technology—particularly 2.4GHz wireless with low-latency performance—has made wireless mice a viable alternative, even for gamers. Brands like Logitech and Razer offer wireless mice that deliver near-instantaneous response times, rivaling wired performance. Battery life is another important consideration; high-end models can offer up to 70 hours of use on a single charge, while some wireless mice offer quick-charge capabilities. 

Additionally, Bluetooth mice are an option for users who want a clutter-free setup. However, Bluetooth tends to have slightly higher latency compared to 2.4GHz wireless, making it less ideal for gaming or precision tasks. 

The Silent Partner 

While often overlooked, the mouse pad you pair with your mouse can greatly affect performance. Tech-savvy users should consider the surface material, which directly impacts glide and friction.

For example: 

• Hard Surface Pads: Best suited for low-DPI gamers or those who need quick, fluid movement, offering minimal resistance. 
• Soft Surface Pads: Provide more control for high-DPI users and tasks that require precision, like photo editing or graphic design. 

Some users even opt for glass mouse pads, which offer ultra-smooth glide but come with a learning curve due to their low resistance.

Building a DIY desktop PC is an exciting and rewarding venture. For many, it’s a rite of passage. A DIY PC offers the flexibility to tailor your system to your exact needs and often provides better value for money compared to pre-built systems—provided you avoid marketing gimmicks. Whether you are a novice or a seasoned builder, the process of selecting components can be daunting due to the vast number of choices. This guide will offer a comprehensive overview of key considerations when buying PC components while building a desktop PC across three budgets: entry-level (under ₹50K), mid-range (₹60K-₹120K), and high-end (above ₹120K). 

Key things to consider when choosing PC components

Compatibility 

Ensuring compatibility between components is essential for a smooth build. This involves making sure your CPU fits the motherboard socket, that your RAM type and speed match the motherboard requirements, and ensuring your power supply is sufficient for all your components. Websites like PCPartPicker can be invaluable in checking compatibility, helping you avoid costly mistakes. 

Also, ensure that your case can fit all your components—especially the GPU and cooling solutions, which can be bulky. For example, if you're opting for a high-end GPU like the NVIDIA RTX 4080, you'll need a larger case with good airflow. 

Value for Money (VFM) 

Maximizing value is essential when building a PC, particularly if you’re on a budget. Aim to allocate your budget wisely—spending more on parts like the CPU and GPU, which will impact your performance the most. Storage and RAM are areas where you can find excellent performance without overspending. Look for components that balance cost and performance, rather than the latest and greatest tech with features you might not use. 

In the entry-level build, consider AMD Ryzen 5 or Intel i5 processors with integrated graphics to avoid spending extra on a dedicated GPU. The mid-range build should include dedicated GPUs like the NVIDIA RTX 4060, offering great performance without breaking the bank. The high-end build allows for top-tier components like the RTX 4080 and AMD Ryzen 9, but you should still check if high-tier features (such as SLI support or multiple PCIe lanes) are actually necessary for your use case. 

Smart Buying Tips and Tricks 

1. Purpose: Define your use case—gaming, content creation, or general office work. Each has different hardware needs. 
2. Future-Proofing: Consider buying components that leave room for future upgrades. However, this should not be your primary guide, as technology evolves quickly. 
3. Second-Hand Components: You can save significantly by purchasing second-hand items like monitors or cooling fans. Always verify their condition. 
4. Reviews and Research: Always read reviews and performance benchmarks before purchasing. They provide real-world insight into component reliability and performance. 
5. Warranty: Ensure you get components with solid warranty and after-sales support. Reading forum experiences for specific brands in your country can be helpful. 

What to consider when buying a CPU (Central Processing Unit)? 

The CPU is the heart of your PC, determining how fast tasks can be processed. 

• Entry-Level: A good starting point is the AMD Ryzen 5 4600G or Intel Core i5-12400, both of which offer good performance for general tasks and light gaming. The AMD models include integrated graphics, reducing costs by eliminating the need for a GPU. Budget around ₹10,000-₹12,000 for these processors. 
• Mid-Range: The AMD Ryzen 5 5600X and Intel Core i5-12600K are solid options here. These CPUs provide enough power for gaming and content creation, without being overly expensive. 
• High-End: For gaming enthusiasts or professionals, the AMD Ryzen 7 7800X3D or Intel Core i9-13900K are excellent choices. However, high-end CPUs can face diminishing returns for purely gaming-focused builds. 

What to consider when buying a GPU (Graphics Processing Unit)?

Your GPU plays the biggest role in gaming and content creation. 

• Entry-Level: Integrated graphics like those on the Ryzen 5 or Intel i5 should suffice for light gaming and general use. 
• Mid-Range: A discrete GPU such as the NVIDIA RTX 3050 or AMD RX 6600 is perfect for gaming at 1080p and 1440p resolutions. These GPUs support modern features like ray tracing, which enhance gaming visuals. Budget between ₹20,000 and ₹30,000. 
• High-End: The NVIDIA RTX 4080 and AMD RX 7900 XT are ideal for 4K gaming or resource-heavy tasks like 3D rendering and video editing. Expect to spend ₹80,000 or more on these high-tier GPUs. 

When choosing a GPU, ensure your power supply can handle the increased power demand. Use tools like OuterVision to estimate the PSU requirements. 

What to consider when buying storage for your PC?

Fast storage is essential for reducing load times and improving the responsiveness of your system. 

• Entry-Level: Opt for a 256 GB or 512 GB NVMe SSD. These offer significantly faster boot and load times compared to traditional SATA SSDs or HDDs, especially as your system ages. 
• Mid-Range: A 1 TB NVMe SSD paired with a larger HDD (2 TB or more) provides the best balance between speed and storage capacity. This setup allows you to store large files (e.g., videos or games) on the HDD while keeping frequently used applications on the SSD. 
• High-End: High-end builds should include multiple NVMe SSDs (1 TB or more) to separate the operating system, applications, and games for optimal performance. HDDs may still be useful for backup or mass storage but can be skipped for a purely speed-oriented setup. 

What to consider when buying RAM? 

Memory is another key component for ensuring smooth performance, especially when multitasking. 

• Entry-Level: At least 16 GB of DDR4 RAM at 3200-3600 MHz is recommended. While 8 GB might seem cost-effective, it will limit your ability to run multiple applications or games simultaneously. 
• Mid-Range: Stick with 16 GB but opt for higher clock speeds (3600 MHz and above). DDR5 is an option if your budget allows and you are buying compatible components. 
• High-End: For high-end builds, 32 GB of DDR5 RAM at speeds of 4800 MHz or higher will ensure no bottlenecks when running memory-intensive tasks, such as video editing or gaming at high resolutions. 

What to consider when buying a motherboard?

Your motherboard connects all your components, so its features should match your needs. 

• Entry-Level: Budget-friendly motherboards like the AMD A520 or Intel H610 offer all the basics—enough USB ports, expansion slots, and onboard audio. Wi-Fi or extra M.2 slots can add to cost but aren’t essential at this level. 
• Mid-Range: Look for boards with more PCIe lanes and M.2 slots for future upgrades. Chipsets like the AMD B550 or Intel Z690 are ideal, with more robust VRMs for stable overclocking. 
• High-End: Enthusiasts should opt for motherboards with the latest features, such as PCIe 5.0 and Thunderbolt support. Top-tier chipsets like the AMD X670E or Intel Z790 will give you ample room for expansion and fine-tuning performance. 

What to consider when buying PSU (Power Supply Unit)? 

The PSU powers your entire system, so choosing a reliable one is essential. 

• Entry-Level: A 450-550 W PSU with 80 Plus Bronze certification should be sufficient for most entry-level builds. Reliable brands include Corsair, EVGA, and Seasonic. 
• Mid-Range: A 600-750 W PSU with 80 Plus Gold certification is recommended for mid-range builds. This allows for future upgrades and ensures better energy efficiency. 
• High-End: High-end builds should use PSUs of 750 W or more with at least 80 Plus Gold certification to handle powerful GPUs and CPUs. Brands like Corsair, Seasonic, and Cooler Master offer high-efficiency PSUs with great warranties. 

What to consider when buying the chassis? 

The PC case protects your components and helps with airflow and cable management. 

• Entry-Level: A basic ATX or micro-ATX case with decent airflow should suffice. Look for cases that include front or top fans, but avoid spending too much here. 
• Mid-Range: Mid-tower cases with tempered glass panels and better airflow control can enhance both the performance and aesthetics of your build. Look for cases with dust filters and good cable management options. 
• High-End: High-end cases, such as those from Cooler Master or Fractal Design, provide excellent airflow, cable management, and space for advanced cooling solutions like AIO liquid coolers. High-quality materials, tempered glass, and RGB lighting are standard at this level. 

The build 

Building a DIY desktop PC is a rewarding process that not only provides you with a powerful custom machine but also gives you a deeper understanding of how computers function. Once you've chosen the right components, the assembly process can be straightforward with the right tools and preparation. 

Preparing the Workspace 

Before you begin, it's essential to set up a clean, well-lit workspace free from static electricity. An anti-static wristband and mat can help prevent damaging sensitive components. Make sure all your tools, like screwdrivers, are easily accessible, and keep all screws and small parts in an organized manner. So, here’s a quick run-down of the process of putting it all together - 

Step-by-Step Assembly 

Start by installing the CPU on the motherboard, as it's easier to do this before placing the motherboard in the case. Gently place the CPU into the socket, aligning the notches to ensure a correct fit, and secure it with the retention arm. Next, install the RAM in its designated slots, ensuring they click in firmly. 

Once the CPU and RAM are installed, mount the motherboard into the PC case, ensuring the standoffs are properly aligned with the screw holes on the motherboard. Tighten the screws but avoid overtightening to prevent damage. 

Next, install the power supply unit (PSU) at the bottom or rear of the case, depending on the design. Ensure all the necessary cables, like the 24-pin motherboard connector and the 8-pin CPU connector, are routed efficiently. 

For storage, secure your NVMe SSD or SATA SSD in the respective slot or drive bay. Mount your GPU in the PCIe slot, making sure it clicks into place, and secure it with screws on the back panel. Finally, plug in all necessary power and data cables. 

Testing the Build 

After assembly, it’s crucial to test the build before closing the case. Double-check all connections, then power on the system. If the machine boots successfully into the BIOS, you can proceed with installing the operating system. After that, you can stress test your system using a suite of benchmarks to ensure stability.

When it comes to personal audio, the options can feel overwhelming. With the explosion of wireless technology, the market is saturated with choices that cater to every need, from audiophiles seeking pristine sound quality to casual listeners who value portability and convenience. Here, we aim to break down the essential factors you should consider when purchasing personal audio devices, whether you’re in the market for over-ear headphones, on-ear headphones, in-ear monitors, or true wireless earbuds. 

Differences between Over-Ear, On-Ear, and In-Ear headphones

The form factor you choose significantly impacts both comfort and audio experience. 

• Over-Ear Headphones: These are the largest of the three types and completely cover your ears. They provide the best sound isolation and usually offer superior sound quality due to larger drivers. However, they can be bulky and less portable. 
• On-Ear Headphones: These rest on your ears without fully covering them. They are more compact and portable than over-ear models but may not offer the same level of sound isolation or bass response. Comfort can also be an issue for some users over extended periods. 
• In-Ear Monitors (IEMs) and True Wireless Earbuds: These are the most portable and discreet. They fit directly into the ear canal, offering varying degrees of sound isolation depending on the fit. They are ideal for on-the-go use, workouts, and commuting. However, they may not deliver the same sound quality as larger headphones, particularly in the bass department. 

Sound Signature considerations when buying personal audio equipment

Understanding Frequency Response 

The sound signature of a personal audio device refers to how it reproduces different frequencies across the audio spectrum. The three main frequency ranges are: 

• Bass (20Hz – 250Hz): Responsible for deep, thumping sounds like drums and bass guitars. A bass-heavy sound signature enhances these frequencies, making music feel more dynamic and impactful. 
• Midrange (250Hz – 4kHz): This range handles vocals and the bulk of instruments. A well-balanced midrange ensures clarity and natural-sounding vocals. 
• Treble (4kHz – 20kHz): High frequencies contribute to the sparkle and detail in music. A bright treble response can make music sound more lively but may also cause listening fatigue if too pronounced. 

Types of Sound Signatures 

• Balanced: Offers an even response across all frequencies, making it suitable for a wide range of music genres. 
• V-Shaped: Emphasizes bass and treble while recessing the midrange. This signature is popular for pop, rock, and electronic music. 
• Bass-Heavy: Focuses on lower frequencies, ideal for bass-heavy genres like hip-hop and EDM. 
• Bright: Highlights the treble range, bringing out details in classical and acoustic music but can be fatiguing over long listening sessions.

Key things to consider when buying personal audio gear 

Build and Design 

Materials and Durability 

The build quality of your personal audio devices is crucial for both longevity and comfort. Over-ear and on-ear headphones often feature a mix of metal, plastic, and synthetic or real leather. High-end models typically use premium materials like anodized aluminum or stainless steel for the headband and earcup arms, providing greater durability. Leather or memory foam padding ensures comfort during extended listening sessions. 

In-ear monitors (IEMs) and true wireless earbuds, on the other hand, are generally made from plastic to keep them lightweight. However, premium models may feature higher-quality plastics or even metal housing to enhance durability and sound insulation. Waterproof or water-resistant materials are also critical for those who plan to use their earbuds during workouts or in unpredictable weather conditions. 

Comfort and Ergonomics 

Comfort is subjective but paramount, especially if you plan on using your headphones or earbuds for long periods. Over-ear headphones should have ample padding on the earcups and headband to distribute weight evenly. The earcups should be large enough to encompass your ears without applying pressure, which can lead to discomfort over time. 

For in-ear monitors and true wireless earbuds, look for models that offer multiple ear tip sizes or custom-molded options. A secure fit not only improves comfort but also enhances sound isolation, which is particularly important for blocking out external noise in loud environments. 

Performance 

Driver Types 

The type of driver used in a headphone or earbud significantly impacts its performance: 

• Dynamic Drivers: Common in most consumer headphones and earbuds, these drivers are known for producing powerful bass. They are also efficient and can be driven easily by most devices without requiring a separate amplifier. 
• Balanced Armature Drivers: Often found in higher-end in-ear monitors, these drivers excel in producing clear and detailed sound, particularly in the mid and high frequencies. They can be tuned to handle specific frequency ranges, making them ideal for multi-driver setups. 
• Planar Magnetic Drivers: Typically found in high-end over-ear headphones, these drivers deliver exceptional detail and accuracy across the frequency spectrum. However, they require more power to drive and are generally less efficient than dynamic drivers. 
• Electrostatic Drivers: Used in the most premium headphones, these drivers offer unmatched clarity and detail but require a dedicated amplifier and are often prohibitively expensive for most consumers. 

Impedance and Sensitivity 

• Impedance: Measured in ohms, impedance refers to the resistance that a headphone presents to the audio signal. Low-impedance headphones (under 50 ohms) can be driven by portable devices like smartphones. High-impedance headphones (above 100 ohms) typically require an amplifier for optimal performance. 
• Sensitivity: Measured in decibels (dB), sensitivity indicates how loud the headphones will be at a given power level. Higher sensitivity means the headphones can produce more volume from less power, making them easier to drive. 

Connectivity 

Wired vs. Wireless 

The choice between wired and wireless depends largely on your lifestyle and how you intend to use the device. 

• Wired: Wired headphones and IEMs offer the best possible sound quality, as they avoid the compression and latency issues associated with wireless connections. They are ideal for audiophiles and those who prioritize sound quality above all else. 
• Wireless: Wireless headphones and earbuds offer unmatched convenience, especially for those who are always on the move. With advancements in Bluetooth technology, the gap in sound quality between wired and wireless has narrowed considerably. Look for devices with Bluetooth 5.0 or higher for better connectivity and range. 

Codec Support 

When opting for wireless audio, codec support becomes a critical consideration. Codecs determine how audio is transmitted over Bluetooth, affecting sound quality and latency. Common codecs include: 

• SBC: The default Bluetooth codec, suitable for most casual listeners but not ideal for high-quality audio. 
• AAC: Used primarily by Apple devices, it offers better sound quality than SBC but still has limitations. 
• aptX/aptX HD: Developed by Qualcomm, these codecs offer higher bitrates and lower latency, making them ideal for Android users and those who prioritize sound quality. 
• LDAC: Sony’s proprietary codec, capable of transmitting high-resolution audio, making it a top choice for audiophiles. 

Features 

Active Noise Cancellation (ANC) 

ANC is a must-have feature for frequent travelers or those who need to block out background noise. It uses microphones to pick up external sounds and then generates sound waves that cancel them out. While ANC can significantly improve listening in noisy environments, it can also impact battery life. 

Transparency Mode 

Many modern headphones and earbuds offer a transparency mode, which allows you to hear ambient sounds while still enjoying your music. This feature is particularly useful in situations where you need to be aware of your surroundings, such as walking in busy urban areas. 

Touch Controls and Voice Assistants 

Touch controls have become standard in wireless earbuds, allowing you to control playback, adjust volume, and take calls with simple taps. Integration with voice assistants like Siri, Google Assistant, and Alexa is also common, offering hands-free control over your music and other functions. 

Battery Life 

Battery Life in Wireless Headphones and Earbuds 

Battery life is a critical factor in wireless audio devices. Most wireless headphones offer anywhere from 15 to 40 hours of playback time, depending on whether ANC is active. True wireless earbuds usually provide 4 to 8 hours of listening on a single charge, with the charging case offering additional charges, extending total usage time to 20-30 hours. 

Fast Charging 

Fast charging has become a sought-after feature, especially in true wireless earbuds. A quick 10-15 minute charge can provide an hour or more of playback time, making it convenient for users on the go. 

Battery Degradation 

Over time, the battery in your wireless headphones or earbuds will degrade, reducing its capacity and runtime. While this is inevitable, choosing devices from reputable brands with good battery management systems can slow down this process. 

Microphpones 

While often overlooked in the context of personal audio, the quality of a microphone is crucial, particularly in the era of remote work and virtual communication. Whether you’re using headphones for conference calls, gaming, or voice recording, a good microphone ensures that your voice is transmitted clearly and without distortion. 

Built-In vs. Detachable Microphones 

• Built-In Microphones: Most modern headphones, particularly true wireless earbuds, come with built-in microphones. These are convenient for casual use but often vary in quality. Look for models with multiple microphones, which can improve voice clarity by filtering out background noise. 
• Boom and Detachable Microphones: Some over-ear headphones, particularly gaming headsets, feature a boom or detachable microphone. These microphones are generally of higher quality, offering better voice capture and noise isolation. Detachable options provide flexibility, allowing you to remove the microphone when not in use. 

Microphone Technology 

• Noise-Canceling Microphones: These microphones use multiple mics to differentiate between your voice and ambient noise, canceling out the latter for clearer communication. This is especially useful in noisy environments. 
• MEMS Microphones: Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) microphones are commonly used in true wireless earbuds and smartphones. They are compact and offer decent performance, but may not match the quality of larger condenser microphones found in professional setups. 

Voice Assistant Integration 

Modern wireless headphones and earbuds often integrate voice assistants like Siri, Google Assistant, or Alexa, leveraging the built-in microphone. This feature allows for hands-free control over your device, making it easier to manage tasks, send messages, or control playback with simple voice commands. 

Microphone Placement 

The placement of the microphone can significantly affect its performance. For example, microphones positioned closer to the mouth, like in boom mics, generally capture clearer audio. In contrast, those placed on the earcups or along the cable may pick up more ambient noise, though advanced noise-cancellation technologies can mitigate this issue. 

Creating a home theatre system is about crafting an immersive auditory experience that brings movies, games, and music to life. Central to this setup is your audio system. This guide will delve into the key aspects of building a home theatre audio system, from the types of audio setups available to performance considerations, and everything in between. By the end, you'll have the knowledge you need to select the perfect system that not only meets your needs but also enhances your home entertainment experience. 

What are the different kinds of home theatre systems?

Soundbars 

Soundbars are a popular choice for those seeking a compact and straightforward audio solution. They combine multiple speaker channels into a single, sleek unit, often including built-in subwoofers for added bass. Soundbars are ideal for smaller rooms or for those who want to avoid the complexity of multiple speakers and cables. While they don't offer the full surround sound experience, many models come with virtual surround sound technology that simulates a multi-speaker setup. 

Home Theatre Speaker Systems 

For those desiring a more immersive experience, traditional home theatre speaker systems are the way to go. These systems typically consist of: 

• Front Left, Center, and Right Speakers: These handle most dialogue and action in a movie, with the centre speaker being crucial for clear vocal reproduction. 
• Surround Speakers: Placed to the sides or behind the listening area, these speakers provide the ambient sounds and effects that immerse you in the environment. 
• Subwoofer: Responsible for low-frequency effects (LFE), the subwoofer adds depth to explosions, thunder, and other bass-heavy sounds. 
• Height or Atmos Speakers: For those who want to go all out, adding height speakers or Dolby Atmos-enabled speakers can create a three-dimensional soundscape, with audio coming from above as well as around you. 

Wireless and Compact Speaker Systems 

Wireless speaker systems have gained popularity for their ease of setup and clean, uncluttered appearance. These systems typically use Wi-Fi or Bluetooth to connect the various components, eliminating the need for long cable runs. Compact speaker systems, such as satellite speakers, offer a smaller footprint without sacrificing too much in terms of sound quality, making them ideal for rooms where space is at a premium. 

Key things to look for when buying home theatre systems

Build and Design 

Material Quality and Construction 

The foundation of any great audio system lies in its build quality. High-end audio components often feature robust, well-constructed enclosures made from materials like MDF (Medium-Density Fiberboard) or solid wood, which help reduce vibrations and resonance that could otherwise distort sound. The material and design of the speaker cabinets play a critical role in sound quality, ensuring that sound waves are directed accurately and efficiently. 

Component Design and Layout 

In a home theatre setup, the design and layout of your audio components should be meticulously planned. Speakers should be positioned strategically around the room to create an immersive sound field. For example, front speakers should be placed at ear level, angled toward the listener, while surround speakers are best positioned slightly behind the seating area. Subwoofers, responsible for delivering deep bass, can be placed in various locations, but corners often amplify bass response. 

Performance 

Audio Quality 

Performance is where your home theatre audio system truly makes its mark. The quality of sound produced by your system is influenced by several factors: 

• Speaker Sensitivity: Measured in decibels (dB), sensitivity determines how loud a speaker will play for a given amount of power. Higher sensitivity speakers are more efficient, requiring less power to produce high volumes. 
• Frequency Response: A wide frequency response range ensures that your speakers can reproduce both deep bass and high treble frequencies accurately. Look for systems with a response range from at least 20Hz to 20kHz, which covers the full range of human hearing. 
• Power Handling: Measured in watts, power handling indicates how much power a speaker can handle from the amplifier without distortion. Ensure your speakers are matched to your amplifier's power output for optimal performance. 

Amplification and Receiver Quality 

Your AV receiver acts as the hub of your home theatre audio system, amplifying the audio signal and distributing it to your speakers. A high-quality receiver with ample power output (measured in watts per channel) ensures that your speakers can perform to their fullest potential. Additionally, receivers with support for the latest audio formats, such as Dolby Atmos and DTS, allow you to experience the latest in audio technology. 

Features 

Surround Sound Formats 

Modern home theatre systems support various surround sound formats that enhance the listening experience. The most common formats include: 

• Dolby Digital: The standard for most DVD and Blu-ray discs, providing 5.1 channels of surround sound. 
• DTS: Similar to Dolby Digital but with a higher bit rate, often preferred for its clearer audio and more dynamic range. 
• Dolby Atmos: An advanced format that adds height channels to create a three-dimensional sound field, making sounds appear to come from above as well as around you. 
• DTS:X: A flexible, object-based audio format that adjusts to your speaker configuration, providing a personalized listening experience. 

Wireless Connectivity 

With the rise of smart homes, many home theatre systems now include wireless connectivity features. Bluetooth and Wi-Fi allow you to stream music directly from your smartphone, tablet, or computer without the need for additional cables. Some systems also support multi-room audio, allowing you to play music throughout your home, controlled via a smartphone app. 

Calibration Tools 

Many AV receivers come equipped with calibration tools that automatically adjust the audio output based on your room's acoustics. Using a microphone, the system measures the sound from each speaker and adjusts the levels, distances, and frequency response to optimize performance. This feature is particularly useful in rooms with challenging acoustics or irregular layouts. 

Expansion Scope 

Upgradability 

A good home theatre audio system should be flexible enough to grow with your needs. Consider systems that allow you to easily add more speakers, such as additional surrounds or height speakers for Dolby Atmos. This flexibility ensures that as new audio technologies emerge, or as your listening preferences change, your system can be adapted without needing a complete overhaul. 

Compatibility with Other Devices 

When selecting components, ensure that your system is compatible with your existing devices, such as gaming consoles, Blu-ray players, and streaming devices. Check for sufficient HDMI inputs and support for the latest video and audio standards, such as 4K pass-through and HDR. This ensures that your system can handle all your media sources and deliver the best possible audio and video quality. 

Mounting Options 

Wall and Ceiling Mounting 

Mounting your speakers can greatly enhance both the aesthetics and performance of your home theatre system. Wall-mounted speakers free up floor space and can be positioned for optimal sound dispersion. Ceiling-mounted speakers, often used for height channels in Dolby Atmos setups, add an extra dimension to your audio experience. Make sure that your speakers come with or are compatible with appropriate mounting hardware. 

Speaker Stands and Floor Placement 

If wall or ceiling mounting isn't feasible, speaker stands offer a flexible alternative. They allow you to position speakers at the optimal height for listening and can be easily moved to adjust the soundstage. When placing speakers on the floor, consider the impact of furniture and room layout on sound quality. For example, avoid placing speakers too close to walls or in corners, as this can cause bass frequencies to become boomy or distorted. 

Aesthetics 

Design and Finish 

Your home theatre audio system should complement your room's décor, blending seamlessly with your furniture and overall style. Many speaker manufacturers offer a variety of finishes, from sleek black and white to wood veneers that can match traditional or modern interiors. Consider how the design of your speakers, subwoofer, and receiver will integrate with your room's aesthetic. 

Concealed Wiring 

A tangle of visible cables can detract from the clean, polished look of your home theatre setup. Consider in-wall wiring or cable management solutions that keep wires hidden from view. Wireless speakers can also reduce cable clutter, though they still require power cables unless they are battery-operated. 

Room Layout Considerations 

Your room's layout can significantly impact the performance and appearance of your home theatre audio system. Aim to create a symmetrical setup with the primary listening position at the centre of the soundstage. Balance aesthetics with acoustics—soft furnishings like rugs and curtains can help absorb excess sound reflections, while hard surfaces may require additional acoustic treatments. 

A great gaming experience is about more than just stunning visuals; immersive audio is equally crucial. Whether you're trying to detect enemy footsteps in a first-person shooter or get lost in an expansive RPG world, your audio setup can make or break your experience. This guide will explore the essentials of gaming audio, focusing on build and design of gaming headphones, form factor, sound signature, performance, connectivity, gaming-specific features, battery life, and latency. 

What are the differences between gaming audio gear?

Speakers 

Gaming speakers are ideal for players who prefer an open soundstage or want to share their audio experience with others. A 2.1 speaker setup (two satellite speakers and a subwoofer) is common for gaming, offering a good balance of clarity and bass response. For a more immersive experience, consider a 5.1 or 7.1 surround sound system, which can accurately position sound effects around the player, enhancing spatial awareness in games. 

On-Ear and Over-Ear Headphones 

Headphones are the go-to choice for most gamers, offering immersive sound with minimal disturbance to others. Over-ear headphones provide excellent sound isolation and comfort, making them suitable for long gaming sessions. On-ear headphones, while more compact, might not be as comfortable for extended use but can still deliver good sound quality. Many gaming headphones feature closed-back designs for better sound isolation, though open-back models can offer a more natural soundstage at the cost of some sound leakage. 

In-Ear Monitors (IEMs) 

In-ear monitors are increasingly popular among gamers who prioritize portability and lightweight design. IEMs offer good noise isolation and are ideal for mobile gaming or situations where a bulky headset might be inconvenient. While they might not deliver the expansive soundstage of over-ear headphones, high-quality IEMs can still provide excellent sound clarity and detail, particularly in the mid and high frequencies. 

Key factors to consider when buying gaming headphones

Build and Design 

Durability and Comfort 

Gaming audio gear needs to withstand long hours of use, making durability a key consideration. Look for headsets and headphones made from robust materials like metal-reinforced headbands, durable plastics, and breathable ear cushions. Comfort is equally important—well-padded ear cups, adjustable headbands, and lightweight designs can prevent fatigue during extended gaming sessions. 

Material Quality 

High-quality materials contribute to better sound isolation and longevity. Memory foam ear cushions provide a snug fit, enhancing noise isolation, while materials like aluminum or stainless steel in the headband add strength without increasing weight. In gaming speakers, MDF (Medium-Density Fiberboard) enclosures offer better acoustic properties than plastic. 

Sound Signature of different gaming headphones

Balanced Sound Signature 

For gaming, a balanced sound signature ensures that no single frequency range overpowers the others. This is crucial for competitive gaming, where hearing subtle audio cues like footsteps or reload sounds can be the difference between winning and losing. A balanced profile also provides clarity for in-game dialogues and ambient sounds, making it easier to stay immersed in the game world. 

Bass-Heavy Sound 

Some gamers prefer a bass-heavy sound signature, which enhances explosions, engine roars, and other low-frequency effects. This type of sound signature can make action-packed games more thrilling but may obscure finer details like footsteps or environmental sounds. Headphones and speakers with adjustable EQ settings allow you to tailor the sound signature to your preferences, offering the best of both worlds. 

High-Fidelity Audio 

For gamers who want the best audio quality, high-fidelity (Hi-Fi) audio systems offer superior clarity, detail, and accuracy. These systems are often favored by audiophiles who also game, as they provide an uncompromised listening experience. Hi-Fi gaming headsets or speakers are typically more expensive and may require additional equipment, such as a DAC (Digital-to-Analog Converter) or an amplifier, to reach their full potential.

Performance 

Sound Clarity and Detail 

High-quality gaming audio gear should deliver clear, detailed sound across the entire frequency spectrum. Clear mids and highs ensure that in-game dialogue, footsteps, and other critical sounds are easily distinguishable. Subtle audio details can provide a competitive edge in games, allowing you to react quickly to your surroundings. 

Surround Sound and Positional Audio 

Surround sound and positional audio are critical for immersive gaming. Technologies like Dolby Atmos, DTS Headphone, and proprietary 3D audio systems can simulate multi-directional audio, helping you locate enemies or navigate complex environments based on sound alone. Headsets with built-in surround sound capabilities or speaker systems with true surround sound setups (like 5.1 or 7.1) provide the most immersive experience. 

Noise Isolation and Cancellation 

Good noise isolation ensures that external sounds don't interfere with your gaming experience. This is particularly important in noisy environments or during competitive play, where focus is key. Active noise cancellation (ANC) is a premium feature in some gaming headsets, actively reducing ambient noise so you can concentrate fully on the game. Passive noise isolation, achieved through well-designed ear cups, is also effective, especially in over-ear and in-ear designs. 

Connectivity options in gaming headphones

Wired vs. Wireless 

Wired connections, using 3.5mm jacks, USB, or optical cables, offer the best sound quality and zero latency, making them ideal for competitive gaming. They also don't require battery management, making them a reliable choice for long gaming sessions. Wireless options, on the other hand, provide more freedom of movement and are increasingly popular due to advancements in Bluetooth and 2.4GHz wireless technology, which offer low-latency connections and high-quality audio. Wireless headsets and speakers often come with their own transmitters to minimize latency and maintain a stable connection. 

Compatibility 

Ensure that your gaming audio gear is compatible with your gaming platform, whether it’s a PC, console, or mobile device. Some headsets and speakers are designed specifically for certain platforms, offering features like surround sound or microphone compatibility that may not work on others. USB and Bluetooth options generally offer broader compatibility across multiple devices. 

Multi-Device Connectivity 

Many modern gaming audio systems offer multi-device connectivity, allowing you to switch between your PC, console, and smartphone seamlessly. Some wireless headsets support dual connectivity, where you can connect to your gaming device and smartphone simultaneously, making it easy to take calls without interrupting your gaming session. 

What are some key features of gaming headphones?

Built-In Microphones 

A quality microphone is essential for online gaming, enabling clear communication with teammates. Look for headsets with noise-canceling microphones that minimize background noise, ensuring that your voice is heard clearly. Some headsets feature retractable or detachable microphones, offering flexibility when you don't need the mic. 

Surround Sound Modes 

Many gaming headsets come with custom surround sound modes that enhance the audio experience for specific game genres. These modes can emphasize certain audio elements, such as bass for action games or vocals for RPGs. Customizable EQ settings also allow gamers to tailor the sound profile to their preferences. 

RGB Lighting 

While not a necessity, RGB lighting is a popular aesthetic feature in gaming headsets and speakers. RGB lighting can be synced with your gaming rig or controlled via software, allowing for a personalized gaming setup. Some headsets even offer dynamic lighting effects that respond to in-game events, adding an extra layer of immersion. 

Game and Chat Audio Balance 

A feature often found in higher-end gaming headsets is the ability to balance game audio with chat audio. This allows players to adjust the volume of in-game sounds and voice chat independently, ensuring that team communications are clear without drowning out important in-game audio cues. 

Battery Life 

Headsets and Wireless Speakers 

Battery life is a critical factor for wireless gaming headsets and speakers. Most gaming headsets offer between 10 to 30 hours of battery life, depending on the features used, such as RGB lighting or surround sound modes. For extended gaming sessions, look for headsets with quick-charge capabilities, which can provide several hours of use after just a short charging period. 

Power Management 

Some gaming headsets and speakers come with power management features like auto-off timers, which help conserve battery life when the device is not in use. These features ensure that your gear is always ready to go when you are, without the need for constant recharging. 

Latency 

Importance of Low Latency 

Latency refers to the delay between when an audio signal is generated and when it is heard. In gaming, low latency is crucial, especially in competitive scenarios where delayed audio can affect your reaction time. Wired connections naturally offer the lowest latency, but modern wireless solutions have made significant strides in reducing latency to nearly imperceptible levels. 

Latency in Wireless Solutions 

When choosing wireless gaming audio gear, look for devices that support low-latency codecs like aptX Low Latency or proprietary 2.4GHz wireless systems. These technologies minimize delay, ensuring that audio cues are delivered in real-time, which is essential for maintaining a competitive edge in fast-paced games. 

The TV market in 2024 is more diverse and competitive than ever before. With advancements in technology, even budget-friendly TVs offer impressive performance, making it a challenge to choose the right one. The market is flooded with HD, 4K, and even 8K TVs, each boasting various features that can make the shopping experience overwhelming. However, understanding the critical aspects of TV technology and how they align with your needs can simplify the decision-making process. 

What are the different types of TV panels?

The type of panel used in a TV significantly affects its performance: 

• LED LCD Panels: The most common type, offering a good balance of brightness and energy efficiency. Some models feature Quantum Dot Enhancement Film (QLED) for better color reproduction. 
• OLED Panels: Known for their superior contrast and true blacks, making them ideal for movie enthusiasts. However, they are pricier and may suffer from burn-in issues. 
• Mini LED: A newer technology that offers enhanced brightness and contrast, often found in premium TVs. 

Choosing the right panel depends on your budget and viewing preferences. OLED offers the best overall picture quality, but high-quality LED and Mini LED options are also available in various price ranges. 

Also Read: QNED vs QLED vs OLED TVs: What’s the difference?

Key factors to look for when buying TVs

Build and Design 

The build quality and design of a TV can significantly impact your viewing experience and how well it integrates into your home. In 2024, TVs are sleeker, with minimal bezels, offering a more immersive viewing experience. Premium models often feature high-end materials, such as metal or brushed aluminium finishes, while budget models might use more plastic. However, regardless of price, most modern TVs are designed to be aesthetically pleasing, with a focus on blending into various room decors. 

When selecting a TV, consider the sturdiness of the stand, the weight (especially if you plan to wall-mount it), and the overall thickness. Thinner models tend to look more elegant but may also have limitations in terms of speaker quality and port accessibility. 

Features 

TVs today come with a range of features that cater to different viewing preferences. Here are some key aspects to consider: 

• Screen Size: Choose a screen size that fits your space. For medium-sized bedrooms, 43 inches is ideal, while 55 to 65 inches is recommended for living rooms. 
• Resolution: While 4K resolution remains the sweet spot for most consumers, offering a significant upgrade over Full HD, 8K TVs are emerging, though they are not yet essential due to the lack of content. 
• Refresh Rate: Standard TVs have a 60Hz refresh rate, but for smoother motion, especially in fast-paced action scenes or gaming, a 120Hz or higher refresh rate is preferable. 
• Connectivity: Ensure the TV has enough HDMI ports for your needs, preferably HDMI 2.1, which supports features like Variable Refresh Rate (VRR) and Auto Low Latency Mode (ALLM) for gamers. USB, Ethernet, and Wi-Fi connectivity are also crucial. 
• Smart TV Capabilities: Modern TVs are equipped with smart features that allow you to stream content directly from platforms like Netflix and YouTube. Ensure the TV supports the apps you use frequently. 

OS and UI (For Smart TVs) 

The operating system and user interface play a crucial role in the overall smart TV experience. In 2024, most TVs come with built-in Wi-Fi and a smart interface, allowing users to stream content, use apps, and even control smart home devices. 

• Google TV: Found in many TVs across various price segments, offering access to a wide range of apps and a user-friendly interface. 
• LG's webOS and Samsung's Tizen OS: Known for their smooth performance and minimalistic design, making navigation easy and intuitive. 
• Amazon’s Fire OS: Popular for its integration with Alexa and a wide array of apps. 

Beware of no-name or proprietary OSs that might clutter your experience with unnecessary apps. Always check for well-tuned picture modes like Filmmaker or Cinema Mode, which provide a more accurate display. 

Performance 

Performance is where the real value of a TV shines through, beyond the specs listed on paper. It includes how well the TV handles motion, displays colors, and manages HDR content: 

• Picture Quality: In affordable TVs, expect decent performance with around 300 nits of peak brightness, though HDR might not be as impactful. Midrange and premium TVs offer better brightness, deeper blacks, and more vibrant colors. 
• HDR Support: Look for TVs that support HDR10/10+, Dolby Vision, and HLG for the best visual experience, especially in midrange and premium models. 
• Gaming: Gamers should look for features like a high refresh rate, VRR, and ALLM, though true 120Hz refresh rates are typically found only in midrange to premium models. 

Audio 

The sound quality of a TV is often overlooked but is crucial for an immersive experience: 

• Wattage: Higher wattage generally means louder and better sound, especially in larger rooms. 
• Sound Quality: Check for clarity in dialogue, bass levels, and the absence of distortion at high volumes. Midrange and premium TVs usually offer better built-in speakers, but investing in a soundbar or home theatre system can significantly enhance your experience. 
• Advanced Features: Some TVs offer Dolby Atmos support for a more immersive audio experience, particularly in premium models. 

Also Read Dolby Vision vs Dolby Vision IQ vs HDR10: Here’s everything that you should know!

Mounting options in TVs

Mounting options can greatly influence the overall look and practicality of your TV setup: 

• Wall Mounting: Most modern TVs are designed to be wall-mounted, providing a clean, space-saving look. Ensure your wall mount supports the TV’s size and weight. Some mounts allow for tilting or swiveling, which can be useful for reducing glare or adjusting viewing angles. 
• Stand Placement: If you prefer placing your TV on a stand, make sure the stand is sturdy and that the TV fits comfortably within the space available. Check for cable management options to keep your setup neat.TV Buying guide: How to Choose the Right TV

Wearables have become essential tools for fitness tracking, notifications, and even health monitoring. Whether you’re looking for a smartwatch or a smart band, this guide will walk you through the key factors to consider, including form factor, build and design, sensors, features, performance, connectivity, display, controls, strap customizability, ratings and certifications. 

What are wearables? 

Wearables, like smartwatches and smartbands, are electronic devices designed to be worn on the body, offering a blend of convenience and technology. Smartwatches resemble traditional watches but come equipped with features like fitness tracking, heart rate monitoring, sleep analysis, GPS, notifications, and even apps for calls, music, and more. They often serve as extensions of smartphones, providing quick access to important information. 

Smartbands, on the other hand, are typically simpler, focusing on health and fitness tracking. They monitor activities like steps, calories burned, heart rate, and sleep patterns. While less feature-packed than smartwatches, they’re often more affordable and battery-efficient. 

Both wearables aim to enhance daily life by offering insights into physical health, simplifying tasks like checking notifications, and sometimes enabling contactless payments, making them valuable tools for fitness enthusiasts and tech-savvy users alike. 

What is the difference between smartwatches and smart bands? 

Smartwatches 

Smartwatches are versatile wearables that offer extensive functionality, ranging from fitness tracking to handling notifications, GPS, and more. They are generally larger, with a screen size that allows for easy interaction, viewing messages, and other notifications. Smartwatches often come with more advanced features such as voice control, contactless payments, and downloadable apps. Due to their larger form factor, they offer bigger batteries and are typically more suitable for those who want a blend of lifestyle and fitness features. 

Smartbands 

Smartbands, also known as fitness bands, are smaller and lighter than smartwatches, focusing mainly on fitness tracking features like step counting, heart rate monitoring, and sleep tracking. They are generally more compact, with a slimmer profile and a smaller screen, making them less obtrusive and more comfortable for continuous wear. Smartbands are ideal for users who prioritize fitness tracking over other smartwatch features, offering a more minimalist approach to wearable tech. 

Key features to look for when buying a smartwatch 

Build and Design 

Materials 

The materials used in the construction of wearables are crucial for both durability and comfort. High-end smartwatches often use stainless steel, aluminium, or titanium for the casing, providing a premium feel and better durability. Cheaper models might use plastic or resin, which are lighter but may not be as durable. The screen is typically made of glass or sapphire crystal in higher-end models, offering better scratch resistance. Smartbands are generally made from lightweight materials like silicone or plastic, focusing on comfort during activities. 

Water Resistance 

Water resistance is a key feature to consider, especially if you plan to wear your device while swimming, showering, or during other water-related activities. Look for water resistance ratings like IP68 or ATM ratings (5ATM, 10ATM, etc.), which indicate the level of protection against water and dust. Higher ratings allow for more extensive water exposure, such as swimming in a pool or the ocean. 

Comfort and Ergonomics 

A wearable's comfort is critical for all-day use. Smartwatches with larger, bulkier designs might feel heavy on the wrist, while slimmer models or smartbands may offer a more comfortable fit, especially during sleep or intense physical activity. Adjustable straps and lightweight materials contribute to overall comfort, making it easier to wear the device continuously. 

Sensors: Function and Accuracy 

Heart Rate Monitor 

Most wearables come equipped with a heart rate monitor, which uses optical sensors to measure your pulse. The accuracy of these sensors can vary between devices, so it's important to look for wearables with reliable heart rate tracking, especially if you plan to use it for workouts or health monitoring. Advanced smartwatches might also include ECG (Electrocardiogram) sensors for more detailed heart health analysis. 

GPS 

For those who run, cycle, or hike, built-in GPS is essential for tracking distance, speed, and routes without needing to carry a smartphone. Some wearables offer connected GPS, where the device relies on your smartphone's GPS, while others have standalone GPS. Accuracy and the speed of GPS signal acquisition are critical, especially for outdoor activities. 

SpO2 and VO2 Max 

SpO2 sensors measure blood oxygen levels, providing insights into your respiratory health and how well your body is absorbing oxygen. This is particularly useful at high altitudes or for people with certain health conditions. VO2 Max, on the other hand, measures the maximum amount of oxygen your body can use during intense exercise, offering a good indicator of cardiovascular fitness. Both of these sensors are becoming more common in premium smartwatches and can be valuable for serious athletes. 

Sleep Tracking 

Sleep tracking sensors monitor your sleep stages (light, deep, REM) and provide insights into the quality of your rest. Accuracy can vary, so it's important to choose a device with proven sleep tracking capabilities. Some advanced smartwatches also track sleep breathing patterns and can detect issues like sleep apnea. 

Features 

Fitness Tracking 

The core function of most wearables is fitness tracking. This includes counting steps, calories burned, distance traveled, and activity minutes. Look for wearables that offer advanced metrics, such as VO2 Max, recovery time, and training load, if you're a serious athlete. Some devices also offer guided workouts and coaching, helping you improve your fitness over time. 

Smart Notifications 

One of the key features of smartwatches is the ability to receive notifications from your smartphone directly on your wrist. This includes calls, texts, emails, and app notifications. The ability to customize which notifications you receive and how they are displayed can greatly enhance the user experience. Some smartwatches even allow you to respond to messages or take calls directly from the watch. 

Health Monitoring 

Beyond fitness, many wearables now offer advanced health monitoring features. This includes ECG for heart rhythm analysis, SpO2 for blood oxygen monitoring, stress tracking, and even temperature monitoring. These features can be valuable for users who want to keep a closer eye on their health or manage specific health conditions. 

Battery Life 

Battery life varies widely between smartwatches and smartbands. Smartwatches with large, bright screens and advanced features like GPS or LTE often need daily charging, while more basic smartbands can last a week or more on a single charge. Always check the expected battery life under typical usage scenarios to ensure it meets your needs. 

Performance 

Processing Speed 

The performance of a wearable is largely determined by its processor and software optimization. Faster processors result in smoother animations, quicker app launches, and more responsive interactions. This is especially important for smartwatches with advanced features or those that support third-party apps. Ensure the device has enough processing power to handle your daily tasks without lag. 

Software and Updates 

The operating system and software play a crucial role in the overall user experience. Look for wearables that receive regular software updates, which can add new features, improve existing ones, and enhance security. Compatibility with your smartphone's operating system (iOS, Android) is also important to consider. 

Battery Efficiency 

Efficient power management is critical, especially for smartwatches with power-hungry features like GPS, continuous heart rate monitoring, and bright displays. Some wearables offer power-saving modes that limit functionality to extend battery life, which can be useful in certain situations. 

Connectivity 

Bluetooth and Wi-Fi 

Bluetooth is essential for syncing your wearable with your smartphone, while Wi-Fi allows for faster data transfers and downloading updates without needing to connect to your phone. Some smartwatches also include LTE connectivity, allowing them to function independently of your smartphone for calls, texts, and streaming. 

NFC and Payments 

NFC (Near Field Communication) allows for contactless payments directly from your wearable, a feature increasingly popular for its convenience. Check whether the wearable supports payment services like Apple Pay, Google Pay, or Samsung Pay, and whether it's compatible with your bank. 

App Ecosystem 

The availability of apps can greatly expand the functionality of your wearable. Smartwatches typically offer a broader range of apps, from fitness and health to productivity and entertainment. Ensure the wearable you choose supports the apps that are important to you. 

Display 

Screen Type 

The type of display on a wearable affects its visibility, battery life, and overall user experience. OLED and AMOLED screens offer vibrant colors and deep blacks, making them ideal for smartwatches. These screens also allow for always-on displays with minimal battery drain. Smartbands usually have smaller, simpler displays that are optimized for low power consumption. 

Touchscreen vs. Buttons 

Most modern wearables feature touchscreens, making them intuitive and easy to navigate. However, touchscreens can be difficult to use when wet or with gloves. Some wearables combine touchscreens with physical buttons or rotating bezels, providing alternative ways to interact with the device. 

Brightness and Visibility 

A display’s brightness and visibility in direct sunlight are important for outdoor use. Look for wearables with adjustable brightness settings or ambient light sensors that automatically adjust the screen brightness based on your environment. 

Controls 

Touch Controls 

Touch controls are the most common on modern wearables, offering an intuitive way to navigate through menus and apps. However, the responsiveness and ease of use can vary. Make sure the touch controls are responsive and easy to use, even during physical activity or in wet conditions. 

Physical Buttons 

Physical buttons provide tactile feedback and can be more reliable in certain situations, such as during workouts or when wearing gloves. Some wearables also offer a combination of buttons and touch controls, providing flexibility depending on your preference and the situation. 

Voice Control 

Many smartwatches now feature voice control, allowing you to perform tasks like setting reminders, sending messages, or controlling smart home devices with simple voice commands. This can be particularly useful when your hands are occupied or when you need to interact with your device quickly. 

Strap Customisability 

Interchangeable Straps 

Interchangeable straps allow you to customize the look of your wearable and switch between different styles or materials for different occasions. This is especially popular with smartwatches, where you can switch between sporty silicone straps, leather, metal, or fabric to suit your outfit or activity. 

Material Options 

Straps come in a variety of materials, each with its own benefits. Silicone straps are durable and water-resistant, making them ideal for fitness. Leather straps offer a more premium look, suitable for formal settings, while metal and fabric straps provide additional style options. Choose a material that suits your lifestyle and the primary use of your wearable. 

Sizing and Fit 

Ensuring that the strap fits comfortably is essential for accurate sensor readings and overall comfort. Most wearables come with adjustable straps, but it's important to check the range of adjustment to ensure a snug fit, especially if you have smaller or larger wrists. 

Certifications and Ratings 

When selecting a smartwatch, it's essential to consider various certifications and ratings that indicate the device's durability, safety, and overall performance. These certifications and ratings ensure that your smartwatch meets industry standards for protection against environmental factors, durability under stress, and safety for everyday use. Below is a detailed guide on the key certifications and ratings to look for when choosing a smartwatch. 

Water Resistance 

Water resistance is a critical feature for smartwatches, especially if you plan to wear your device during activities like swimming, showering, or running in the rain. Water resistance is typically measured using either IP (Ingress Protection) ratings or ATM (atmosphere) ratings. 

IP Ratings (Ingress Protection) 

• IP67: An IP67 rating means the smartwatch is dust-tight, offering complete protection against dust ingress. It can also withstand immersion in water up to 1 meter for 30 minutes. This rating is suitable for occasional splashes or brief submersion. 
• IP68: This rating provides enhanced protection, allowing the device to be submerged in water deeper than 1 meter, often up to 1.5 meters, for 30 minutes or more. IP68-rated smartwatches are better suited for swimming and other water-based activities. 

ATM Ratings (Atmospheres) 

• 3ATM: A 3ATM rating indicates that the smartwatch is resistant to splashes, rain, and brief immersion in water but is not suitable for swimming. 
• 5ATM: A smartwatch with a 5ATM rating can withstand water pressure equivalent to 50 meters, making it safe for swimming in shallow waters but not for high-impact water sports. 
• 10ATM: This rating means the smartwatch can handle water pressure at depths up to 100 meters, making it suitable for activities like snorkelling and high-impact water sports. However, it is not designed for deep-sea diving. 

Durability Standards 

Durability is a key consideration for those who intend to use their smartwatch in challenging environments. Durability standards like the MIL-STD-810G certification provide assurances that the device can withstand various physical stresses. 

• MIL-STD-810G Certification 
• This U.S. military standard involves rigorous testing to ensure the smartwatch can endure extreme conditions. Tests include resistance to shock, vibration, and extreme temperatures (both hot and cold), as well as humidity, dust, and sand. Smartwatches that meet MIL-STD-810G certification are built to survive in harsh environments, making them ideal for outdoor enthusiasts, military personnel, and those who work in physically demanding conditions. 

Safety Certifications 

Safety certifications ensure that the smartwatch is safe for everyday use, particularly in terms of electronic emissions and the materials used in its construction. These certifications are crucial for ensuring that your device does not pose any health risks. 

• FCC Certification 
• In the United States, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) certification is mandatory for all electronic devices that emit radio frequencies. This certification confirms that the smartwatch complies with U.S. regulations regarding electromagnetic interference, ensuring it won't interfere with other electronic devices and is safe to use. 
• CE Marking 
• The CE (Conformité Européenne) mark is a certification required for products sold within the European Economic Area (EEA). This mark indicates that the smartwatch meets the EEA's health, safety, and environmental protection standards. It covers aspects like electrical safety, electromagnetic compatibility, and environmental protection. 
• RoHS Compliance 
• The RoHS (Restriction of Hazardous Substances) directive ensures that the smartwatch is free from hazardous materials such as lead, mercury, cadmium, and certain flame retardants. This compliance is crucial for both user safety and environmental sustainability, reducing the risk of exposure to toxic substances and making recycling easier. 

Battery Safety Certifications 

The safety of the smartwatch’s battery is paramount, particularly given the risks associated with lithium-ion batteries, which are commonly used in wearables. Proper certifications ensure that the battery is safe to use and unlikely to overheat, leak, or cause other issues. 

UL Certification 

Underwriters Laboratories (UL) certification is a widely recognized standard for battery safety. A UL-certified smartwatch has undergone rigorous testing to assess its resistance to overcharging, short-circuiting, overheating, and other potential hazards. This certification gives you confidence that the smartwatch’s battery will perform safely under normal and extreme conditions. 

Environmental Ratings 

For environmentally conscious consumers, it’s important to consider the environmental impact of your smartwatch, both during its production and throughout its lifecycle. Environmental certifications ensure that manufacturers adhere to sustainable practices. 

ISO 14001 Certification 

ISO 14001 is an international standard for environmental management systems (EMS). Smartwatch manufacturers with ISO 14001 certification are committed to reducing their environmental impact, including efficient use of resources, waste reduction, and ensuring that their products are environmentally friendly throughout their lifecycle—from production to disposal. This certification reflects a commitment to sustainability and responsible manufacturing. 

Choosing the right gaming laptop for both college projects and gaming can be a nuanced task, requiring attention to several critical components. It's essential to consider factors like the processor's performance, the amount and type of RAM, storage capacity, graphics card specifications, and the quality of the display. These components significantly influence the laptop's ability to handle resource-intensive applications and games, ensuring a smooth and immersive experience. Additionally, aspects such as build quality, design, battery life, and portability are crucial for students who are always on the move.

One model available in the Indian market is the Acer Nitro 16 (2024). This laptop is powered by an AMD Ryzen 7 7840HS APY featuring an Intel Core i5 processor and equipped with 16GB of DDR5 RAM, for smooth multitasking and gaming and is paired with an NVIDIA GeForce RTX 4060 GPU. Based on these specs, you can very easily determine that this laptop is good enough for gaming as well as normal utilitarian tasks like document editing, making presentations etc. But with a 16-inch FHD+ 165Hz display with accurate colour reproduction, it also becomes a creativity machine. 

At first glance, the subtleties of a gaming laptop might not be obvious. However, when choosing a gaming laptop for both college and gaming, it is crucial to select a model that balances performance, durability, and portability. This guide will ensure that the laptop you end up selecting is the best gaming laptop that meets the demands of both academic responsibilities and gaming effectively.

Gaming Laptop Parameters To Keep In Mind Before Purchase

Performance 

For college students seeking a balance between affordability and performance, the mid-range to premium mid-range segment of gaming laptops is ideal. These laptops typically feature processors like the latest generation Intel Core i5 or i7, or AMD Ryzen 5 or 7 series, which provide sufficient power for both gaming and academic tasks without breaking the bank. Popular choices include models from the ASUS TUF series, Acer Nitro series, Dell’s G series, or the Lenovo LOQ. These often come equipped with NVIDIA GTX or RTX 3050 to 4060 graphics cards, offering good gaming performance at a more accessible price point.

In terms of CPU 'generation', you can opt for either the 12th or 13th gen Intel variants, as both primarily differ in terms of efficiency cores. On AMD's side, the Ryzen 7000 series is the most common, simplifying the choice over the Ryzen 5000 series. When selecting GPUs, you have two main generations to consider from Nvidia’s offerings. If you prefer the RTX 3000 series, the RTX 3050 (6GB variant), RTX 3060, and RTX 3070 Ti are solid options. If you’re leaning towards the RTX 4000 series, your choices in the under Rs 1 lakh price range will likely be limited to the RTX 4050 or RTX 4060.

The main difference between the RTX 3000 and 4000 series lies in efficiency and performance per watt, which translates to better battery life. However, there are many GPU options available that can meet specific requirements.

Memory and Storage

When selecting a gaming laptop in 2024, especially for college students who need to balance performance with cost, it's important to focus on both RAM and storage specifications. A minimum of 16GB of RAM is recommended to ensure smooth multitasking and efficient data handling. This capacity is sufficient for running complex software applications and modern games without significant lag.

For storage, opting for an SSD (Solid State Drive) of at least 512GB is advisable. SSDs are faster than traditional hard drives, significantly reducing load times for both games and programs. They also offer quicker system boot-ups and overall responsive performance. For example, many mid-range gaming laptops now feature PCIe NVMe SSDs, which are even faster and provide a noticeable improvement in performance and user experience.

Also, keep in mind that the latest standards for RAM and SSDs are DDR5 and PCIe Gen 4, respectively. These standards are closely linked to CPU generations, as SSDs directly utilize the PCIe lanes from the CPU. Furthermore, many internal components of the CPU are designed to support DDR5 memory.

Both the Intel 12th gen and the 13th gen CPUs support PCIe Gen 4 and DDR5 standards for SSD and RAM, respectively. On the AMD side, the Ryzen 7000 series supports both these standards.

Display Quality

The display quality of gaming laptops has seen significant advancements, particularly in terms of refresh rates and resolution, which are crucial for both gaming and academic tasks. High refresh rates, starting from 120Hz and reaching up to 240Hz or more, ensure smoother on-screen motion, making them ideal for fast-paced games and providing a more fluid user interface for everyday tasks. Furthermore, higher resolutions, such as Full HD (1080p) or even QHD (1440p), offer sharper images, which enhance both gameplay and the clarity needed for detailed academic projects.

For college and school work, any high refresh rate display would be suitable. If you primarily play AAA games, then a 120Hz or 144Hz high refresh rate display is appropriate. However, if your main focus is eSports, then a display of 165Hz or higher is what you’re looking for.

Moreover, if your work involves creating or editing any form of digital art, whether it be videos or images, then you need a screen that displays a wide gamut of colours and does so accurately. This means the display should have 100% sRGB and 100% DCI-P3 values along with an average Delta E figure of less than 2.

Battery Life

It is wise not to expect high battery life from gaming laptops. However, you can look for a laptop that gives you the option to run on integrated graphics only, which can significantly increase your laptop’s battery life. Additionally, you can decrease the screen’s refresh rate to 60Hz and set your laptop to power efficiency mode for even better results.

Portability

Portability in gaming laptops has become a key consideration for students who need a device that's easy to carry around campus while still being capable of handling both gaming and academic tasks. The focus is on laptops that are light and thin without compromising on screen size and quality, as a larger display can enhance both productivity and gaming experiences.

For example, the ASUS ROG Zephyrus G14 has emerged as a standout in the thin and light category, balancing high performance with portability. It is particularly noted for packing a powerful AMD Ryzen 9 processor and an RTX 4060 GPU into a compact 14-inch frame that weighs just 1.5 kilograms. This combination makes it ideal for students who need a laptop that's easy to transport between home, classes, and libraries.

Another great option is the Lenovo Legion Slim 7i, which features a 16-inch display providing a good balance between size and portability. It’s light enough to carry around yet offers substantial screen space for both immersive gaming and multitasking. This model blends performance with a sleek design, making it suitable for both gaming and professional environments.

Both of these laptops demonstrate the industry's trend towards making gaming laptops more versatile, ensuring they can serve as both a gaming rig and a tool for academic success. This blend of portability, performance, and usability is crucial for students who require their devices to be as flexible as their schedules.

However, both of these laptops are quite expensive. Therefore, in the under Rs 1 lakh price segment, most laptops will weigh around 2kg. Additionally, there’s a reciprocal relationship between portability and performance. The lighter and smaller a gaming laptop is, the more performance loss and heat generation it may experience.

Durability 

College students need laptops that can withstand daily wear and tear. Brands like Dell and Acer are renowned for their robust construction. For example, the Dell G15 series is known for its solid materials, providing a durable chassis that can handle the rough and tumble of student life. Additionally, opting for laptops that offer comprehensive warranties or protection plans can provide peace of mind, safeguarding your investment against potential accidents or hardware failures.

Heat Management

Gaming laptops typically generate a lot of heat, especially when running intensive games or software. Effective cooling systems are essential to prevent overheating, which can degrade performance and shorten the lifespan of the device. Gaming laptops like the Acer Nitro 16, HP Omen 16, and the HP Victus series incorporate advanced cooling technologies and multiple cooling fans, which help maintain optimal operating temperatures. These systems ensure that even under heavy load, the laptops perform efficiently without thermal throttling.

Moreover, opting for a larger 17-inch laptop, like the ASUS TUF Gaming F17, is another way to ensure better airflow in your device. With a bigger chassis, your laptop’s fans won’t have to work as hard to keep the device cool.

Keyboard, Touchpad Quality and Connectivity Options

A high-quality keyboard is essential for both gaming precision and academic productivity. Laptops like the Dell Alienware series are known for their mechanical keyboards, which offer excellent tactile feedback and durability, but they tend to be expensive. In the budget range, you might consider the Acer Nitro 16. It features a keyboard that, while not membrane-type, provides excellent spring action and key travel. On the other hand, touchpads should be large and responsive. For example, the HP Victus series features a quite large trackpad.

Ample connectivity is another vital aspect, especially for students who need to connect various devices such as external monitors, gaming peripherals, and other academic equipment. Laptops equipped with a range of ports, including USB 3.2 and Thunderbolt 4, offer versatile connectivity solutions. You should also look for an Ethernet port, particularly if you often participate in LAN gaming. Another important feature is a full-size SDXC card slot, which allows you to transfer media directly from your camera to your computer without needing additional accessories.

Budget 

Finally, balance all these features within your budget. High-end gaming laptops can be expensive, but many brands offer models that strike a good balance between cost and functionality. Simply put, you should be aware of what you’re paying for. Some laptops may have a better CPU and GPU combination but a less impressive display in terms of colour accuracy, like the Lenovo LOQ. Additionally, some laptops might be expensive primarily because they have a larger chassis, which in turn allows for better heat dissipation, such as the ASUS TUF Gaming F17.

So, whatever your requirements are, keep them in mind before finalising your purchase.

Finding the Best Laptops under Rs 40,000 during this online festive sale shouldn’t be a chore. But with so many choices on the market and a harrowing number of processor, RAM, and storage configurations, it can easily become one. Hopefully, the following list will help you out in finding the best laptop for you under Rs 40,000.

For the uninitiated, the laptop market in the Rs 40,000 price range consists of choices ranging from traditional OEMs like Lenovo, HP, Dell, and more. Along with different options from new players like Infinix and Realme as well. Each employs its unique strategy to bring you the best possible laptop under Rs 40,000 price configuration. Also, do note that the following list is in no particular order.

Top Picks: Best Laptops under Rs 40,000 in Online Festive Sales

1. Infinix X3 Slim

Deal Price: Rs 37,990
Original Price: Rs 64,999

The Infinix X3 Slim, an awesome contender among the best laptops under Rs 40,000 in India, comes with a feature set that’s mostly found in premium laptops. In terms of design and build quality, the laptop is pretty lightweight at just 1.24 kg and uses Aluminium alloy in its construction. Although the laptop has many variants, the one powered by an Intel Core i5-1235U processor and 16GB RAM provides the best value for money.

The laptop also boasts 512GB storage, a great keyboard and trackpad combination, and a bright 1080p display. The laptop’s overall performance is commendable. It can handle tasks ranging from light photo editing in Canva to editing short 1080p videos in Wondershare’s Filmora. However, don't anticipate it running demanding applications from the Adobe suite or similar. Dive deeper into my full in-depth review of Infinix X3 Slim here.

2. Realme Book Prime

Deal Price: Rs 40,990
Original Price: Rs 69,999

The Realme Book Prime, one of the Best Laptops under Rs 40,000, narrowly finds its spot in the list of best laptops in this price range, and I am thankful that it does. The budget laptop’s Core i5-11320H variant could seem a little dated. Especially considering that Intel 13th Gen CPUs are now available in the market. But when you look at the whole laptop as a package, it starts to emerge as one of the most sensible choices in the Rs 40,000 price segment.

For instance, the Realme Book Prime comes with a 2k display with 100% sRGB colour space coverage. The display is in a 3:2 aspect ratio, which is almost unheard of in laptops in the Rs 40,000 price segment. The budget laptop also has an aluminium chassis and an almost MacBook-like design, which is universally loved. The laptop also packs 8GB RAM, and 512GB storage and has a battery capable of delivering up to 12 hours of battery life. Realme packs all this in a 1.37kg laptop which is also just 14.9mm thin, making the Realme Book Prime highly portable as well.

3. ASUS Vivobook GO 15 OLED

Deal Price: Rs 39,990
Original Price: Rs 61,990

It is almost unheard of to find an OLED-equipped PC on the list of best Rs 40,000 laptops in India. But, ASUS Vivobook Go 15 OLED is an exception. Equipped with a 15.6-inch FHD OLED display is sure to take your content consumption experience to the next level. Compared to the conventional IPS LCD displays, which have around 300 nits peak brightness, the OLED screen peaks out at a high 500 nits luminance. 

ASUS also claims a Delta E value of less than 2. Thus, making sure that the on-screen colours are highly accurate. Apart from the OLED display, the laptop also comes with an AMD Ryzen 7320U processor along with a Radeon 610M iGPU mode. The 8GB LPDDR5 RAM, and 512GB SSD further make it an enticing option as most other laptops in this range only feature the older-gen DDR4 memory. So if you’re looking for a laptop, primarily for content consumption, get the ASUS Vivobook Go 15 OLED. 

4. HP 15s

Deal Price: Rs 38,990
Original Price: 59,109

The most straightforward choice for many office professionals is usually the HP 15s. It is simple, versatile and has a rock-solid build quality. Basically, almost all the features you want in your daily driver. In terms of size, it is a 15.6-inch laptop which has an FHD display with 250 nits peak brightness. HP 15s’ display also has an anti-glare coating which makes it especially capable of working in an office environment, where there’s usually a lot of overhanging lights. 

Powering the laptop is 8GB DDR4 memory, which is user upgradable, 512GB SSD storage and an AMD Ryzen 5 5500U processor. The AMD chip also features the Radeon iGPU, which is capable of light graphics tasks as well as running games at low graphics settings. Being an office laptop, the HP 15s also offers a wide variety of ports including two USB Superspeed Type-A ports, one Superspeed Type-C port, a full-size media card reader, a headphone-mic combo jack, an HDMI 1.4 and a proprietary charging slot for a 65W fast charger. The laptop also comes bundled with MS Office 2021, thus further saving you a couple of thousand bucks.

5. Xiaomi Notebook Ultra Max

Deal Price: Rs 46,990
Original Price: Rs 76,999

The Xiaomi Notebook Ultra Max is one of the best laptops which is a tad bit expensive than Rs 40,000 but is totally worth it. It is a 15.6-inch slim laptop sporting one of the highest-resolution displays in its price range. But its feature set includes a lot more. For example, the laptop has a unibody design made from series 6 aluminium, a massive 70Wh battery, 16GB RAM running at 3200MHz and 512GB NVMe SSD. Moreover, the 3.2k display also has 100% sRGB colour space coverage and a 90Hz refresh rate.

Powering the Xiaomi Notebook Ultra Max is an Intel Core i5-11320H processor, which is a bit dated but still very capable of browsing the web, light photo-video editing, coding and other common tasks. The laptop also has ports including a Type-C Thunderbolt 4 port, a normal Type-C port, two USB Type-A ports, an HDMI slot and a 3.5mm audio jack. The budget laptop also has premium connectivity features like Wi-Fi 6 and security features like a fingerprint scanner as well.

6. Lenovo IdeaPad Gaming 3

Deal Price: Rs 43,990
Original Price: Rs 82,490

Although you won’t find a new dedicated gaming laptop in under Rs 40,000. But, if you can extend your budget by Rs 3,990 then you can score a pretty sweet deal. The Lenovo IdeaPad Gaming 3 featuring an AMD Ryzen 5 5600H processor and an Nvidia GTX 1650 GPU is one of the most affordable gaming machines you can buy this festive season. 

The laptop has only 8GB DDR4 memory, but it's user expandable. And it also has 512GB SSD storage, which should be enough to hold 3-4 modern games. The laptop’s cooling performance is also adequate for the kind of components it's packing. And in terms of real-world performance, you can easily expect more than 150 FPS in games like Valorant, Counter-Strike and DOTA 2. And around 60FPS in games like GTA V, Shadow of the Tomb Raider, Gears 5, and more.

Give it to me straight!

Top Robotic vacuum cleaners to buy in India

• Mi MJSTL Robotic Floor Cleaner 
• Realme TechLife RMH2101 Robotic Floor Cleaner
• Ecovacs DEEBOT_500 Robotic Floor Cleaner
• Ecovacs DEEBOT N8 Robotic Floor Cleaner
• Eureka Forbes Robo Vac N Mop NUO Robotic Floor Cleaner

Advantages of a robotic vacuum cleaner?

Limitations of robotic vacuum cleaners

Types of Robotic Vacuum Cleaners Mapping Technologies

Things to keep in mind while buying a robotic vacuum cleaner in India

How much to spend on a Robotic Vacuum Cleaner?

Tips to maintain a robotic vacuum cleaner

• The most important thing is to clean your robotic vacuum cleaner regularly. You should empty the bin regularly. Clean its brushes at least once a month and wipe the wheels to ensure they are not blocked.
• Run the vacuum on a regular basis to prevent the accumulation of dust and debris, which can make your vacuum cleaner work harder.
• Depending on your usage, consider replacing the filter every 6 to 12 months.
• Additionally, regularly check for software updates from the manufacturer.
• Avoid leaving the vacuum cleaner on the charging dock constantly to preserve the battery's health over time.

1. Canister vacuum cleaners

Top canister vacuum cleaners to buy in India

• Eureka Forbes Quick Clean DX Dry Vacuum Cleaner with Reusable Dust Bag
• Philips FC9352/01
• Agaro Rapid 1000-Watt
• Agaro ACE 1600W Wet & Dry Vacuum Cleaner
• Eureka Forbes bold wet and dry vacuum cleaner

2. Stick vacuum cleaners

Top stick vacuum cleaners to buy in India

• Dyson V8 Absolute Cordless Vacuum Cleaner
• Dyson V12 Detect Slim Absolute Hand-held Vacuum Cleaner
• KENT Zoom Cordless Vacuum Cleaner 

3. Robotic vacuum cleaners

Top Robotic vacuum cleaners to buy in India

• Mi MJSTL Robotic Floor Cleaner 
• Realme TechLife RMH2101 Robotic Floor Cleaner
• Ecovacs DEEBOT_500 Robotic Floor Cleaner
• Ecovacs DEEBOT N8 Robotic Floor Cleaner
• Eureka Forbes Robo Vac N Mop NUO Robotic Floor Cleaner

4. Handheld vacuum cleaners

Top handheld vacuum cleaners to buy in India

• Agaro Regal Hand-held Vacuum Cleaner
• Inalsa Dura Clean Hand-held Vacuum Cleaner
• Inalsa Dura Clean Plus 2 in 1 Upright , Handheld & Stick 

5. Upright vacuum cleaners

Things you should keep in mind while buying a vacuum cleaner

1. Know your cleaning needs

• Where do you intend to use it?
• How often do you plan to use it?
• What type of debris are you aiming to remove?

2. Suction power

3. The balance between size and portability

4. Wet and Dry vacuum cleaners

Top wet and dry vacuum cleaners to buy in India

• Inalsa Homeasy WD10 Wet & Dry Vacuum Cleaner
• Karcher WD3* EU-I/WD3* EU Wet & Dry Vacuum Cleaner
• American Micronic Wet & Dry Vacuum Cleaner
• Inalsa Micro WD15 Wet & Dry Vacuum Cleaner 

5. Bag or bagless: which is better?

6. Cordless or corded vacuum cleaner: Which is better?

7. Accessories that matter

8. HEPA filter

9. Energy efficiency

10. Warranty and Customer support

A good case is fairly simple and has to accommodate all the components of your PC with plenty of room for additions that might come later. In most cases, a good budget case is more than enough for this purpose. It’s only when you have additional “wants” that a more feature-laden case is necessitated. Aesthetics are always changing, but you can discern that almost all cases can be categorised into two categories – classy and flashy. The former consists of mostly ageless designs that look good no matter which era your case might be from. The latter looks as if it got skipped over by puberty. Here’s what you should be looking at while buying your next PC case. 

What to consider while buying a PC case?

Component clearance 

Most of the PC cases will support motherboard sizes including ATX, micro-ATX and mini-ITX. However, there are small cases that don’t support ATX, so you need to check that out. If you’re going to install stock CPU coolers from AMD or Intel, then you don’t need to worry about clearance. Third-party CPU coolers tend to have tall heatsinks that can do way past the width of some instances. You need to check the height of the CPU cooler will fit inside the case. Sometimes the heatsinks also tend to hinder the height of memory modules, something which needs to be considered when you’re buying these components. Next, we come to graphics card clearance. High-end graphics cards tend to be longer and beefier, which means they’ll need a lot of space inside. In the lower segment of cases, drive cages are usually placed behind the front panel, and they can be a problem for long graphics cards. If you already own a long graphics card, then you should definitely look for a case where there’s enough clearance in front of the card.

Some cases also have removable drive cages which can be considered. Liquid cooling requires radiators to be installed, and some of them can be thick. Wherever you plan on installing the radiator, you need to ensure there’s enough clearance so that they don’t interfere with other components. The final component that needs to be checked for clearance is your power supply unit. The standard length of an ATX power supply is 150mm, and most of the cases will support it. However, if you have a longer PSU with a higher wattage, the length can go up to 220mm or more. The recommended length in the case will slightly have some more clearance but that extra space will be required for the cables. Hence, we would recommend you to buy a power supply which is a few millimetres shorter than the specified one.

Cooling support 

Your case needs decent airflow inside. Whether you opt for air cooling or liquid, the case needs to accommodate enough fans or radiators. At the lowest segment, you’d find cases that include only a single exhaust fan. This isn’t alarming if the system inside isn’t going to generate a lot of heat. As your system becomes beefier, the amount of heat generated rises, and you’ll definitely need good cooling solutions. Your goal should be to establish balanced air pressure inside the case, which means that the number of intake fans should match your exhaust. The more technical explanation says there should be a balance in the amount of the air going inside and coming out of the case. If you plan on going the liquid cooling route, you need to ensure that the panels have enough slots for the radiator to be mounted.

Dust filters 

Initially, you wouldn’t consider dust filters to be that important. However, if you rarely clean your system, say, every six months, you’ll be subjected to a lot of pain. Depending on where the fans are installed, the concentration of dust inside or on the panels will differ. Fine dust filters will do an incredible job of stopping dust from entering inside. This means you’d hardly have to beat your head around blowing away all the dust accumulated on the bottom of the case. You must check whether the front, bottom and top panel house a dust filter. Otherwise, if you don’t have options, you should consider building your dust filters and installing them on your case.

Cable management 

We are mentioning cable management at the end since it’s a borderline luxury. However, there are times when poor cable routing can lead to the reduced cooling performance of the components. Without enough cutouts on the motherboard plate, you’d have to cram in the thick cables from the limited cutouts or directly connect them without routing behind the plate. Sometimes, the CPU power cutout is too far, and you are forced to connect it from the inside. This could hinder the CPU cooler and exhaust fan on the rear panel. Before buying a case, you should verify whether there are enough cutouts and cable tie points on the motherboard plate to connect all your components comfortably. 

Latest ports 

Your front panel allows you to connect your frequently used devices quickly to your system without having to stretch and flex to reach the back panel. It’s always better to ensure that the front panel covers all your required ports such as USB 3.0, USB 3.1 Type-C, audio out and mic in. And since your case is going to stay with you for a long time, it’s best to consider future-friendly ports. USB Type- C on the front panel has now become a common feature in mid-range mid-tower cabinets. 

What not to consider while buying a PC case/cabinet?

Tempered glass panels 

This has been a rage since a couple of years where now, even the budget segment has gotten a tempered glass update. Of course, they make all your components stand out elegantly while expanding the scope for RGB lighting. However, they are fragile and don’t do anything to improve performance. They lower the build quality of the cabinet, and it poses a potential for additional costs if it breaks. 

Fan connector hub 

Your motherboard might have up to three to four case fan headers which are usually enough for a regular rig. Fan controller or connector hubs allow you to connect many more fans and even give you speed control. Moreover, if you’re investing in a different RGB ecosystem, then the default hub might not be compatible with the ecosystem you’re going with. 

Modularity 

A luxury that certainly makes life easier when you’re assembling your rig, it isn’t necessary. Removable parts do allow you to route the cable better and keep a cleaner build with low obstructions for airflow. Without modularity, you’ll only be losing out on the convenience and maybe a shorter assembly time. 

Vertical graphics card mount 

This is for aesthetic purposes since it actually increases the temperature of your graphics card. Since the card is facing the side panel, there isn’t much room for air intake from the fans.

The market is chock full of audio brands, some prominent ones that have cemented their name in the audio industry and an array of relatively new ones who are becoming increasingly popular due to their devices’ quality and/or affordability. A few celebrated names in the audio industry include Sony, Jabra, AKG by Harman Audio, Sennheiser, Bose, Audio Technica, Skullcandy, Bang & Olufsen, and more. On the other hand, some affordable and new audio brands include Noise, Boat, Mi Audio, OnePlus, Honor, pTron, and Realme.

If you are looking for something entry-level, our top headphones under Rs 2000 guide might offer some help. But if all of that sounds confusing and you're looking for serious advice, our headphone buying guide should help you out. 

What to consider while buying a headphone?

Type of headphone

The first thing you are going to want to decide after chalking out your budget for the imminent purchase is your preferred headphone type. There are three primary variations in headphones styles which include in-ear, on-ear and over-ear headphones. 

In-ear 

Also known as earphones or earbuds in common parlance, in-ear headphones are the most portable out of the three types and are inserted into your ear canal. In-ear headphones can range from disposable models which you get on aeroplanes to earphones smartphone manufacturers include with their products, all the way to high- end buds that attempt to match full-size models sonically. Some models, particularly sport ones, come equipped with wings or fins for a tailored and secure fit. 

Pros

+ Compact and lightweight 

+ Great noise isolation 

+ Suited to active lifestyles

Cons

- Tangle easily 

- Easy to misplace 

- Sound quality generally suffers due to size 

On-ear 

On-ear or ‘supra-aural’ headphones are ones that rest on top of your outer ears but do not entirely envelope or enclose your ear. The headphone band usually goes over or behind your head on these headphones. These are generally smaller and lighter than over-ear headphones and come in open-back and closed-back variations. On-ears will also let more ambient noise pass through than over-ears.

Pros

+ Relativelycompact

+ Producelesserheatontheears than over-ear headphones 

Cons

- Relatively poor noise isolation 

- Can cause discomfort (too much pressure on ears or pinches ears) 

- Leaks sound 

- Less powerful bass than over-ears 

Over-ear 

Also called circumaural headphones, over-ear headphones include those that fully encompass your ears. These are the largest of the three types of headphones, and they also come in closed-back and open-back versions. Over-ear headphones are usually the most comfortable of the three types, and the closed-back ones provide excellent natural acoustic isolation. 

Pros

+ Usually have great sound quality + Most comfortable

+ Larger soundstage

+ Good isolation 

+ Maximum potential for more bass and loudness 

Cons

- Least portable

- Produce heat on the ears - Usually more expensive 

Closed-back or open-back 

A closed-back pair of headphones comes with an outer casing with no holes or vents, which traps the sound inside the cups and also keeps external noises out. This can sometimes cause your music to sound slightly unnatural, especially when compared to open-back headphones, however, they definitely provide a punchier bass output which could be due to the slight echos in the bass notes. Nevertheless, they are the better choice for commuting and listening to music in places such as your office, airplanes, or anywhere in public. These are also better for recording and audio mixing since the isolation is critical for these tasks. 

Open-back headphones are more acoustically transparent and allow the outer sound to be heard by the headphone user. They allow air to pass through the ear cups and avoid pressure build-up. Many premium, high-end headphones come with open-backs to enable them to sound more natural. However, these headphones lose all their appeal if you’re not in complete silence. They let a lot of sound in, which distracts you from listening and additionally, they also have massive sound leakage. So, if you’re in a public place, everyone sitting relatively close to you will be able to hear the music, and you will be able to listen to them complain about it! They are also slightly more fragile than closed-back headphones since moisture could get into it more easily and wreak havoc on the electronics within. 

So, the bottom line is that open-back headphones sound more natural, but closed-backs are better for listening to music outside your home or studio. 

Wired vs wireless 

Over the past few years, wireless headphones have exploded in popularity and are dominating the market. Also, since Apple released the AirPods in 2016, true wireless earphones have become the rage, and most audio brands have decided to dip their beak into this lucrative market. Let’s look at the wired and wireless categories.

Wired headphones 

In-ears, on-ears and over-ears have wired variants which are usually hailed as the more dependable choice in the audio world. Audiophiles typically swear by the sound quality of wired headphones since they receive an analogue signal which can handle more data than Bluetooth can. Lossless formats such as FLAC, WAV, or ALAC sound much better on wired headphones than on their wireless counterparts. However, Bluetooth technology in audio is catching up very fast. 

Nevertheless, wired headphones have no lag and do not need constant topping up of the batteries like in wireless headphones. Many are also coming in USB-C and lightning variants to address the absence of the 3.5mm jack on smartphones. However, the cable itself can sometimes be problematic since some of them tangle and/or break very easily. 

Wireless headphones 

Wireless headphones and earphones are slowly but surely becoming the go-to listening device for consumers. This has been accelerated due to the expulsion of the 3.5mm audio jack on smartphones. It also eliminates cables, except the headband or the cable connecting the two earbuds or ear cups, and allows for more mobility. 

Wireless headphones are also equipped with new and improved Bluetooth codecs such as AAC, AptX, AptX HD, AptX Low Latency that improve the listening experience and/ or solve latency issues. However, wireless headphones are usually costlier than wired ones. The other problem is having to keep them charged consistently. Wireless headphones typically come with a battery life of 15-30 hours while wireless earphones’ battery life ranges from 6-18 hours. 

True wireless earphones 

The new kid on the block, true wireless earphones is now an immensely popular segment in audio products. They are in-ear headphones that are stored in a case which also doubles as a charger for them. They’re extremely portable, great for an active lifestyle and are completely free of cords and tangles. Most of these even come with impressive battery life, the average being around 5-8 hours on the earbuds themselves with an additional 2-3 recharges from the charging case. However, they are exceptionally easy to lose due to their tiny form factor. 

Impedance 

It is integral to match the impedance of the headphones to the device (source) you will be using it with. We’re not going to get into the exact technical definition of impedance. Just know that most headphones which come packing low impedance (16 to 32 ohms) require less power to drive high audio levels. So, low impedance headphones will work well with devices with weak amplification abilities such as portable music players and smartphones. Meanwhile, headphones with high impedance demand more power to deliver acceptable audio levels. So, studio headphones with an impedance of say 250 ohms, such as the Beyerdynamic DT-880 Pro, will require a dedicated source of power (such as amplifiers) to drive it. So, you should extensively research this. Headphones with low impedance are also susceptible to ‘blow outs’ when using powerful amplifiers, so be wary of that. 

Sensitivity 

If you’re extremely nit-picky about your headphone’s volume levels, you should look into the sensitivity of the headphones. Sensitivity specifies how loud a pair of headphones can get. Most headphones come with a sensitivity of around 96–110 dB approximately. Headphones below 85 dB would be too soft and should be avoided, and above 110 dB could potentially damage your hearing abilities. 

Drivers 

Drivers in headphones are responsible for turning electrical signals into sound pressure. In most cases, the larger the driver, the better the overall sound quality. Drivers boost the bass, mids, and the treble to allow for an enjoyable listening experience. There are primarily two driver technologies, balanced armature and dynamic. Balanced armature drivers typically are tuned to sound good in a specific frequency range. They also provide better isolation due to the absence of a vent within. How- ever, they lack the superior bass quality of dynamic drivers. Dynamic drivers are also more durable and cheaper than balanced armature drivers. 

Comfort and fit 

It is important to find headphones that are best suited to provide you with hours of comfort. Usually, over-ear headphones are the most comfortable, but even here, you have to be wary of a few things. When buying over- ears, ensure that the headband doesn’t dig into the top of your head or cause you any discomfort. Usually, headbands with memory foam or regular foam layer will aid comfort. Ensure that the ear cups are plushy and comfortable as well. Memory foam ear cups are the best since they conform to the unique shape of your ear. The covering over the memory foam will usually be leather or mesh. Leather is comfortable but could become too hot after extended periods of usage. So, the mesh would be a better option for long hours of listening.

However, mesh does negatively impact sound leakage and isolation. When it comes to in-ears, the golden standard is memory foam ear tips. These also conform to the shape of your ear canal and provide increased isolation and better bass output. However, regular rubber tips can also be effective if you find the right fit. Some audio manufacturers, such as 1MORE provide a slew of eartips of various shapes and sizes. This allows users to find a hyper-customised fit which aids in overall comfort and also helps you get a better listening experience. Also, try to find in-ears with angled nozzles (the tip of the buds). These are more ergonomic and help attain a better fit. 

Sound profile 

Source: audioreputation.com

Consider the sound profile you enjoy most and buy headphones that fall within that category. There are three primary sound types – warm, neutral and bright. Neutral is considered the holy grail of high-end audio listening and audiophiles usually chase after the neutral sound profile to hear the ‘purest’ audio. However, neutral headphones are extremely elusive and rare since they would have to reproduce every frequency of sound in equal measure. 

Most headphones have their voicing and even headphones claiming to be neutral most times, are not really neutral in the true sense. So, you would be better off trying to find a balanced sounding pair of headphones with some hint of warmness or brightness. ‘Warm’ sounding headphones tend to tilt towards the bass frequencies making vocals and bass more prominent. They usually have a mass-appealing sound signature and sound ‘comfortable’. Some warm headphones though are extremely thumpy and bass-heavy, and you should steer clear of those since they mess with the integrity of sound. ‘Bright’ sounding headphones are better at reproducing the trebles high-pitched sounds. They can reveal hisses and imperfections in recordings, so casual users usually wouldn’t want to hear this in their everyday use. Additionally, headphones that sound too bright can be fatiguing to listen to over time. 

Active Noise Cancellation vs Passive noise isolation

ANC (Active Noise Cancellation) is now an extremely prominent feature which users have come to expect from high-end audio products. Even in-ears come with ANC, enabling to be engulfed in a cocoon of sound entirely can be appealing to some. They work by using microphones within the headphones to analyse ambient noise and then produce an ‘opposite’ sound waves to cancel the sound altogether. However, some people find the ANC experience jarring since they have been known to hurt some people’s ears and cause headaches due to the heightened pressure. They also drain the battery of wireless models a lot quicker than headphones with simple passive noise cancelling. However, if you are constantly in noisy environments or travel in aeroplanes very often, ANC headphones can be useful since it cancels out even small, annoying sounds such as the AC hum, airplane drone, and more. 

So, if this level of isolation appeals to you, consider buying ANC headphones. If not, purchase headphones with regular (passive) isolation. Headphones with passive isolation are cheaper and are decent at limiting external sounds. 

What not to consider while buying a headphone?

Frequency response 

This spec tells you the range of sound that the headphone is capable of producing. The range is measured in Hertz (Hz) and usually the frequency range in most headphones is around 20Hz–20,000Hz. Why? Humans can only hear between this sound range, and that is naturally what products aim for. However, some audio manufacturers routinely have exaggerated frequency-response numbers to lure in customers. If the numbers are slightly off the range of hearing, this is not an issue since having a slightly wider frequency response, say 15 Hz – 25,000 Hz can give the sound at the extreme ends some room to breathe. However, beyond this, it is just a marketing ploy. Nevertheless, you don’t really need to worry about frequency response numbers since you will not be able to hear the difference between a normal range and wider range unless you have bat ears. 

Aesthetics 

This must be the last thing on your mind when buying headphones since over-the-top designs often lead to compromises. For instance, the Bose NC 700 comes with a unique design. It has a tapering headband that makes the headphones look very futuristic and aesthetic, at the same time. However, due to this design, the headband is not foldable, which results in users having to carry the bulkier than usual carrying case provided with these headphones. Only go for aesthetics when they don’t hamper any integral features, the comfort, and sound quality of your headphones. 

Check more such buying guides by Digit's experts-

How to pick the right TV set for yourself

HOW TO CHOOSE THE BEST AIR CONDITIONER How to choose the right AC for your room

How to pick the right CPU and motherboard combo

How to choose the best laptop

How to choose the best smartphone

Knowing your requirement is a key first step. But, these laptops come in many configurations, models, manufacturers, categories and more that can make choosing a laptop quite a painful process. 

For those who have their priorities can check our best laptops in India rankings. But in case you're confused about which laptop to buy, we made a guide on how to choose the right laptop for yourself.

What to consider when buying a laptop?

Use case

The first place to start when it comes to buying a laptop is the use case.

What will you primarily be using this laptop for? Is it for casual use? Are you a student? Are you on the go often? Do you want a gaming laptop? Etc. There are a lot of such use cases which, when narrowed down, will greatly help when it comes to finalising your purchase.

Once you’ve decided on a use case, you can move on to the next aspect, which is the laptop’s specifications. There’s a wide range of laptops with an even wider range of specifications between then, of course, the better the specs, the pricier the laptop.

Processor 

Starting with the processor, for the casual laptop user, a current gen i3 processor is more than enough if all you need it for is casual browsing, viewing videos and running lite software. If you’re a student maybe and are hoping to play a few games possibly, then an Intel Core i5 processor or above will comfortably let you play games and work with more intensive software. Core i7 and i9 processors are top-of-the-line and offer the best performance, but they come with a price tag to match. Go for these only if you know you have CPU intensive software or want the best gaming performance. 

Graphics card 

Next, you look at the graphics card or GPU. If you’re a casual user, then you needn’t consider this and can make do with an integrated GPU. However, if you plan on playing games or using rendering software, you will need a discrete graphics card. To comfortably play most games at reasonable frames, we recommend going for a laptop that has at least an NVIDIA GTX 1650Ti. To experience AAA games in all their glory, you will need an NVIDIA RTX 2070 or higher. The RTX 2060 is a decent middle ground if you can’t spend too much but still want good graphics, at least on Full HD displays. 

RAM

Whichever laptop you decide on, a minimum of 8GB RAM is a must. This is ideal to be able to have multiple applications open at the same time comfortably, and have multiple tabs open on your browser without your laptop crashing on you. If you’re looking to the game, at the entry-level, 8GB of RAM is fine, but you ideally want 16GB, especially with games today.

Connectivity and ports 

Thinner laptops are known to compromise on ports, keep this in mind when making your decision. Try to figure out beforehand what ports you will need on your laptop. Some things you should consider are whether the laptop has USB 3.0 or 3.1 ports, and even if they have the required type you need, such as Type-A or Type-C. If you intend to connect your laptop to a larger display or TV, then you want to keep an eye out for HDMI or DisplayPorts, depending on your need. 

Most laptops come with audio ports, but you might want to keep in mind whether you want a laptop with both a headphone and microphone jack or a uni-jack. For people who use cameras or other devices that use media cards, you can consider a laptop that has a media card slot for ease of access.

Like we mentioned above, thinner laptops usually compromise on ports, one which is commonly missing from such laptops is the Ethernet port. This might be a problem if you plan to game online and prefer a more stable, wired connection. Otherwise, consider laptops with 802.11ac Wi-Fi and up to 5GHz standards. If you’re looking for Bluetooth support to connect audio devices or wireless peripherals, then look for notebooks with Bluetooth 5.0 support, you can bring it down to Bluetooth 4.2 if necessary. 

Display 

Smaller laptops usually come with a resolution of 1368x768, which is pretty tiny. For casual use, this is fine. Ideally, you want a minimum of 1920x1080, which is full HD. From here, you can go higher as per your preferences. There are plenty of 4K laptops in the market, but they are battery drainers and will usually always be plugged in. Other than the resolution you want to look at the panel itself, again, for casual use, this doesn’t really matter too much. However, as your use-case becomes more specific, you might want to consider certain things, like screen refresh rates, and AMD FreeSync and NVIDIA G-Sync support, which depend on the GPU. Most laptops come with a refresh rate of 60Hz, but you will find gaming laptops with refresh rates of 144Hz and above. You don’t need more than 144Hz. 

Storage 

This one is simple enough. You could go for a laptop with a high capacity HDD if you’re someone who needs a lot of storage space. If you’re looking for speed, then you want an SSD. Certain laptops come with support for M.2 or NVMe SSDs to speed up your read and write speeds. Of course, there’s always the middle ground of getting a low capacity SSD with a high capacity HDD. Consider that you can always get more space via external drives, but faster storage is more of a hassle to expand. 

Weight 

While the general idea is that laptops are meant to be portable, this isn’t always the case. You will find that some gaming laptops can be extremely bulky, with some coming with their own suitcases to be moved around in! However, there are gaming laptops with smaller form factors as well that weight between the 2-5kg mark. Still pretty heavy. Of course, there are non-gaming high-performance laptops that weigh under 2kgs and can be carried around easily. Most casual use-case laptops are also usually lightweight. 

Battery 

This is pretty important, especially if you’re someone who is going to use a laptop away from a power outlet for long periods. This is a crucial factor to consider for those who travel a lot. Lower power laptops and ultrabooks which come without discrete GPUs are best in this category as they can easily offer you at least eight hours of battery life, plenty of time to find a power outlet. With gaming laptops, you can throw battery life out the window. These beasts are usually meant to be plugged in at all times, and unplugged will give you up to two hours max. 

Upgradeability 

If you’re looking to get a laptop and plan to sit on it for a while (not literally of course), you might want to consider one that can be upgraded down the line. Being able to expand RAM and Storage, later on, can save you the need for an upgrade, but you will eventually need one anyway, depending on your use case. 

Warranty 

Having a warranty is always nice, you know, just in case. 

What not to consider when buying a laptop?

RGB

If it’s your thing, then go for it, but RGB otherwise does nothing to affect a laptop’s performance. 

Mechanical keyboards 

It is a luxury that’s only found on gaming laptops, and you don’t really need it, all they do is add more bulk to the laptop. If you’ve considered the right ports, then you might as well just plug in a mechanical keyboard separately. 

Speakers 

Decent speakers are a plus on a laptop, and also pretty rare. They’re fine for casual gaming and video watching at best. Still, you’re probably just going to plug in an external pair of speakers or use headphones anyway, which offer much better audio quality. 

Proprietary software 

Don’t purchase a laptop just because they offer a one-year subscription of Norton Antivirus. Of course, this doesn’t apply to that specifically, but you can usually easily find other options or even better ones later. Many laptops come with software pre-installed along with Windows, which are marketed as additional features, more often than not, these are just bloatware, and you’re going to get rid of them eventually anyway. 

So, if you find yourself in the store, scratching your head, wondering which TV you should ultimately go for, stop! And, read our guide on how to choose the right TV for yourself. And if you wish to go for the ultimate best without budget restraints, check our top picks for the best TVs in India.

What to consider while buying a TV?

Screen size 

The very first thing to consider is the TV size that you deem will be optimal for your setup. Try to figure out if this is going to be a TV the family gathers around to watch daily TV series on or if it’s going to be something for your personal use, to game or to stream your shows. 

Consider where you will be placing your TV. Then, depending on your budget and space you have available, you can go about finalising a size. Usually, for a medium-sized bedroom, 43-inches tends to be the sweet spot (adjust this if you’re room is smaller than usual or if your sofa set or bed is closer to the TV). For the living room, however, 55-inches to 65 inches is ideal. If your budget doesn’t allow it, simply move your sofa set closer and buy a smaller sized screen. A good rule of thumb is to sit at a distance three times the height of the TV screen for HD TVs and 1.5 times the screen height for 4K UHD TVs. This is because 4K TVs are visually less grainy than HD TVs at a closer distance. 

Screen resolution

TV resolution is one of the most integral decisions you need to make when you’re scouring the market for a TV. While the first wave of 8K TVs have just breached the market, an example being the Samsung Q900 8K TV, 4K TVs are still the sweet spot with no shortage of options in the market. Full HD (1920x1080) TVs were the industry standard for a while, however, most manufacturers are now throwing all of their resources into 4K models. They’re also becoming less costly, and you can get a pretty capable set for about Rs. 50,000. These have four times the pixels as FHD TVs and are significantly better in quality. 

However, if you do want to save your dough, Full HD TVs are also quite decent for their price, and most untrained eyes won’t even be able to tell the difference unless you sit considerably close to the TV. Although, the increasing amount of content that is being created for 4K, on Netflix, Amazon Prime and even YouTube, possibly warrants hiking up your budget a bit to have an overall better viewing experience. Additionally, most 4K TVs are also HDR compatible, which means you will get those darker blacks and vivid colours which definitely enriches the film-watching experience. 

Display type 

Popular types of display types in TVs include LCD/LED and OLED. Most of the televisions today are LCD LED sets. Essentially, these screens used LEDs to illuminate the LCD panel, hence the name. When buying an LCD LED TV, you must consider how the panel is lit. Some use edge-lit panels where LEDs are placed only on the edge of the screen.

On the other hand, you have full-array LED sets which have LEDs placed directly behind the screen and can light up or darken specific zones to represent light and dark areas in any scene. This is called active dimming or local dimming. This technology allows the backlight to be more precise and produces an overall better quality image chock full of detail. This feature was once only found on high- end and premium models but is now trickling down to the conservatively priced sets as well. Another LCD technology found in these sets is quantum dots which adds an additional layer of nanocrystal dots that allow for pictures with more colour and brightness. 

Now for the more exorbitant stuff – OLED TVs. These TVs replace the backlight found in LCD TVs with a layer of organic LEDs which can achieve true blacks (darkest blacks) and incredible levels of contrast. Manufacturers such as LG, Sony, Philips and others have some commendable OLED offerings. OLED panels are found exclusively in 4K sets and are much pricier than LCD LED TVs, however, the price is dwindling, especially with the introduction of 8K panels. Do note that OLED panels, while having the best-in-class contrast and deeper blacks, do not get as bright as LCD sets. They’re also notorious for ‘ghost’ images or burn-ins which happen due to displaying a static image for an extended period of time. QLED technology, usually seen in Samsung TVs, feature the quantum dot technology mentioned above. While these still look vibrant, they are not to be confused with OLED TVs. 

Refresh rate 

Refresh rate (represented in Hertz or Hz) tells you the number of times a picture is refreshed on the screen per second. The standard refresh rate is 60 Hz, however, 120 Hz TVs are also becoming common now. In fast-paced action scenes especially, a higher refresh rate definitely translates to more fluid movement. 60 Hz displays may be prone to jittery output during such intensive scenes. While there isn’t too much content sporting high frame rates per second, for now, High-Frame Rate (HFR) support is soon coming to films and sports events. If you’re a gamer, you may be tempted to purchase a TV sporting a high refresh rate, however, gaming consoles usually top out at 60 frames per second, so it makes sense to stick to those. 

Tip: Beware of the term ‘effective refresh rate’ since the actual refresh rate here is half the stated one. So, a 120 Hz effective refresh rate is actually the standard 60 Hz refresh rate. 

Connectivity 

Always remember to pay attention to the number of connectivity options a TV has to offer especially if you’re one to attach a bunch to devices to your TV such as a soundbar, a streaming stick, and a console. You will find yourself running out of HDMI ports very quickly. Also, try to opt for the newer HDMI 2.1 format since they offer improvements such as variable refresh rate support. With HDMI 2.1, you also get smoother gameplay and zero screen tearing when you have connected your gaming console to the TV. You will also have future-proofed your TV for upcoming 8K content. In addition to HDMI ports, you’d also want to look for USB, Wi-Fi and Ethernet ports. 

Smart TV 

Most smart TV sets today come equipped with built-in Wi-Fi to access services such as Netflix, YouTube, and to run other apps and play a few games. A few of the latest models can even search for content across several streaming platforms as well as live TV programs on cable or satellite. There are various operating systems and interfaces that power these smart TVs, including Google’s Android TV platform, Amazon’s Fire Edition TVs and others with native OSs. Most of these offer all the necessary features and apps, and you will need to do some research to find out which of these interfaces works for you. Beware of no-name TV OSs which clutter your smart TV experience with a barrage of pointless apps. Currently, LG’s webOS and Panasonic’s Home Screen 2.0 handle their apps and content most effectively. 

Sound 

When analysing the sound on your TV, keep in mind that the higher the wattage, the louder the sound output. It is essential, especially if you have a very spacious house and need sound to travel greater distances. The best thing to do is, play a couple of loud action scenes and then listen for the following – harshness to judge whether the sound is thin and distorted at high volumes, bass for those adrenaline-inducing action scenes, voices to check if they sound realistic and the amount of detail in the sound. Also, beware of TV cabinet rattle, directional distortion and a weird ‘pffting’ sound under pressure. Additionally, if you want the best sound experience, consider investing in a good sound system set up by choosing a decent soundbar. 

What not to consider while buying a TV?

8KTVs

8K is definitely a buzzword, both in the TV and smartphone segments, however, it makes little sense investing exorbitant amounts of money into it at the moment. 8K ramps up the detail even further than 4K, that’s true, with it being capable of delivering four times the resolution of 4K; however, the content for 8K is sorely lacking. There are no 8K films ready for purchase and streaming; furthermore, 8K will definitely be infinitely more taxing on your poor home internet connections. A few manufacturers have already brought out 8K televisions, however, let the early adopters with buckets of dough buy these pricey TVs for now. Right now, all you will get with 8K TVs is upscaled 4K content, which is honestly, not worth it. 

We made buying an air conditioner a lot easier for you with this detailed guide on how to choose the best AC for yourself, that explains everything you should keep in mind before buying an air conditioner. You can also compare the specifications and features of up to four ACs using our comparison tool.

What to consider while buying an AC?

For ACs, we’re focused on its cooling capacity, what kind of ambient temperature it’s built for, filtration, the coolant used and a few of the smarter features that have now become common.

Type of ACs 

Window ACs 

They are pretty large because they have to incorporate every component inside a single chassis. This also means that there are fewer things that a consumer has to worry about, and thus, the entire unit ends up being cheaper than the rest.

Such ACs are also termed monoblocks for this very reason. To mount a Window AC onto a wall, you ideally require about 9-12 inch thick walls. If your walls are thinner than that, an additional support structure will be necessary, or you’re better off looking for a thicker wall. 

Pros

+ Cheap 

+ Easy to install 

+ Monoblock design 

Cons

- Noisy 

- Needs a thick and sturdy wall for mounting 

Split ACs 

Seen as an improvement over Window ACs, split ACs are made by separating the compressor and heat dispensing coils into an external unit which sits outside your home. Maintenance for split ACs is more difficult since the maintenance personnel have to access the external unit.

There are also certain limitations regarding how far apart the internal and external unit can be installed. The farther you place the two, the less efficient the combination becomes so you should ideally keep it low. That being said, these ACs can be installed up to 40 meters away from each other provided the interconnecting tubing is well-covered. Cassette ACs are a variant of split ACs in which the internal unit is mounted on the ceiling of the room. 

Pros

+ Expensive 

+ Makes less noise

+ Can be installed on any wall - Difficult to install

Cons

- Higher risk of coolant leaks 

Capacity or Tonnage

When you’re trying to cool a room, you need to look at the size of the room, the number of heat sources, the ambient temperature of the geographical region, number of windows in the room and surfaces exposed to the sun. These factors play into the simple rules of thermodynamics, but we’re not going to teach you physics in this guide but rather drill it down into simple logic. 

What we’re presenting is a rather simple calculator. Simply pick the right option in each row of parameters. You should only pick one option in each row. There are ten rows in all. Take the score for each row and total it up to get the final grand total. Then refer to the chart to get the recommended tonnage. 

In case, your score is higher than what this chart recommends, and you need to split the room into two logical parts and then use the above chart for each segment and then install two ACs in the room. 

You can check out our handpicked list of the best Split and Window ACs under different tonnage-

• Best 1.5 Ton Window AC in India
• Best 1.5 Ton Split AC in India
• Best 1 Ton Split AC in India

Efficiency and rating 

With heavy appliances, you’ll always see an energy efficiency rating applied. The Bureau of Energy Efficiency requires that every AC have a label indicating its efficiency on a 5-star scale. The more stars you have on this scale, the more efficient the AC will be.

The Energy Efficiency Ratio is simply calculated by taking the cooling capacity of the AC and dividing it by the power consumed by that AC. The chart below gives the Star rating applicable for the EER range. 

These ratings go a long way in saving power consumption. A 5-Star AC can be up to 35% more efficient than a 1 Star AC. However, 5-Star ACs are also way more expensive, and it will take a couple of years before the higher cost evens out based on money saved for utility expenses.

Inverter or non-inverter ACs

Inverters are what convert DC (Direct Current) power to AC (Alternating Current) power. Within air conditioners, you first take the AC power from the wall socket and convert it to DC and then turn it back into AC for the compressor motor. Traditional air conditioners used to do this in a fixed manner so compressors would either be in an ON state or an OFF state. Inverter air conditioners are more dynamic with the switching frequency. This allows the compressor to work in a variable manner so effectively; you are varying the tonnage/capacity of the air conditioner as per your needs. This precise control helps you manage temperature better than traditional air conditioners.

However, getting to the right temperature takes a little extra time in inverter air conditioners as compared to traditional air conditioners. Because there is complicated circuitry involved, these inverter air conditioners are also more expensive to repair, especially when the main circuit board, i.e. the PCB goes wonky, you have to replace the board entirely. With traditional air conditioners, you could simply replace the individual components on the circuit board as they weren’t complex. Of course, if you were to get the parts list, you can always replace the components on an inverter air conditioner as well, but you’ll be stuck if the main microcontroller is messed up. You need to programme those before replacing them.

Since the capacity of inverter air conditioners is variable and more precise, you end up using just the right amount of power needed. This makes inverter air conditioners more efficient than traditional ACs. Certain manufacturers also use twin cylinder compressors which allow for greater control over the compressors. That, coupled with inverter technology, helps save power even more. However, complicated machinery tends to break down more often than simpler machinery. Here are the pros and cons summarised.

Pros

+ Uses less power

+ More consistent temperatures - Less reliable

Cons

- Expensive

Miscellaneous

Filters

Filters are capable of trapping particles and performing the function of an air purifier as well. These ACs come with a separate replaceable filter module, and the practice is more common in industrial HVAC systems that are meant to be installed for hospitals and clean rooms. Most home ACs don’t have such advanced filters. The ACs that mention PPM statistics for known pollutants rather than generic terms like “bacteria filters” are what you should focus on.

Heating

Certain ACs can heat the room during chilly winters. This is helpful since you can reduce the number of appliances require.

Timers 

Timers allow you to program the AC to operate for a certain period before shutting down automatically. This is great if you want the room to be cooler when going to sleep and then want the AC to shut off automatically after a couple of hours.

We start from the entry-level segment wherein you can get a CPU and motherboard for as low as Rs 8,500 and go all the way up to Rs 2,40,000 in the workstation segment. With 30 combinations in this list, you are bound to find one or more configurations that fit your needs perfectly. We've also mentioned which combinations have integrated graphics (iGPU) so that you don't need to spend on an additional graphics card. 

Also, we've sorted the entire list based on combined performance in single-threaded as well as multithreaded applications. This performance index is mentioned at the bottom of the column, and a lower number indicates better performance. Which is why the AMD Ryzen Threadripper 3970X combo is the best performing of the entire lot whereas the AMD Athlon 200 GE combination is the least performing one. We hope this guide helps you build your next rig with ease.

Entry-Level 

For folks wanting the bare minimum out of a PC, this is where you'd want to start. All combinations in this section have an iGPU except the Intel Core i3-9100F.

You can get a cheap graphics card for less than Rs 3000, but that would still drive the costs higher. So you're better off going with the Intel Core-i3 9100. Pick the 9100F only if you plan on getting a mid-range GPU. That way you can save some money on the CPU and spend the savings on a better GPU. Also, check out our top picks for entry-level/budget processors for desktop PCs. 

Mid-Range 

Things get a little interesting in the mid-range, especially with the introduction of the new AMD Ryzen 3 3100 and 3300X. You'd assume that these processors would be entry-level material, but it turns out that they have enough horsepower to put the Intel Core i7-7700K to shame. So, we had to squeeze them in here.

You'll find fewer combinations in this segment with integrated graphics as more people tend to opt for a discrete GPU. It's just the Intel CPUs and the lone Ryzen 5 3400G that have built-in graphics. It would also appear that most Intel combinations are very expensive. The current market rates for the processors are higher than their AMD counterparts and the motherboards are equally pricier. The two together drive up costs too much. You can certainly pair the Intel Core i5-9600K with a B365 motherboard but then what's the point of getting an unlocked CPU? That Z390 board is the cheapest one we could spot that was in stock and it's nearly twice as expensive as the other boards in its vicinity. 

High-End 

When you really want to game with no holds barred and get a good all-rounder machine that's destined to last a couple of years easily, then these are the combinations that you should be looking at.

Most CPUs here have 8 core / 16 threads and are also really good overclockers. The AMD 2nd Gen Ryzen 7 2700X being an exception since it's from an older generation. AMD made decent improvements to clock speeds with the 3rd Gen Ryzens and it really shows. If it were a purely frequency-based competition, then Intel easily moves ahead, but since core counts are being utilised by a lot more applications, the overall performance of AMD processors leaves Intel behind. Lastly, we can see a similar trend with the prices as we saw in the mid-range segment. Intel combinations tend to be more expensive owing to high CPU and motherboard prices. 

The newly announced 10th Gen Z490 boards aren't exactly helping their case either.

Workstation 

Digital media professionals who'd like to have a personal workstation at home or at the office will take all the cores that you can throw at them. With the new AMD Ryzen Threadripper processors, they have no reasons to complain.

These massive core-count processors are just shy of being called servers. Heck, even server processors from two years ago will be embarrassed to see how quickly the consumer side has caught up. None of these processors have integrated graphics simply because no person buying a work-station processor is going to skip on getting a powerful graphics card to match. 

Price being no bar, all you need to know is that spending more in this segment saves you time since your workloads will be executed quicker. This way you can take up more projects and increase your revenue. The Intel price gap doesn't seem to be that wide in this segment which is a relief, but there really hasn't been an improvement in core counts for more than two years. 

You can check our extensive best smartphones buying guide for starters, but we recommend you to check out our guide on how to pick the right smartphone in 2020.

What to consider before buying a smartphone?

Smartphone performance: Processor and RAM

Your smartphone processor, also known as the chipset or the SoC, is the component that is responsible for just about everything functioning on your smartphone. It is essentially the brain of the system, and most of these processors also come equipped with AI capabilities that essentially make your smartphone as ‘smart’ it is today.

A capable processor not only allows your device to function seamlessly but is also capable of enhancing other factors. One example is image processing. Samsung phones, as an example, comes in two variants - one hosting the Snapdragon chipset (the latest one being Snapdragon 865+). In contrast, the other one employs Samsung’s in house Exynos processor (the latest being Exynos 990). Some reviewers have explicitly stated that there is a tangible difference in not just the processing power of the two variants, the Snapdragon being much snappier, but also the image-processing abilities.

So, when you choose your smartphone, it is integral to know what processor you’re getting along with it since the performance directly correlates with it. Popular ones include Snapdragon, Apple A13 Bionic, Exynos 990, and Kirin 990. Apple processors are known for their raw computing power, and Snapdragon processors are the closest equivalent in the Android realm. You also have lower-powered processors for mid-range and budget devices such as the Snapdragon 730 and 730G, Snapdragon 675, MediaTek Helio G90T and G85, and more, that are commonly found in lower-priced 2020 smartphones. If you’re on a budget and don’t mind sacrificing some power to save money, consider buying phones with one of these processors since they drive down costs quite a bit.

Coming to RAM, this refers to system memory that smartphones use to hold data that active applications are using. A portion of your smart- phone’s RAM is always used up by the operating system, to keep it run- ning. We’re not going to get into the nitty-gritty of RAM usage in a phone since it involves explaining terms such as kernel-space which will end up taking a lot of room in this article. Having sufficient RAM can allow you to have a larger number of apps running in the background, which significantly affects your multitasking experience. However, some smartphones are breaking all barriers and installing a whopping 12-16 GB of RAM in their smartphones. That’s definitely overkill for smartphones, especially if you don’t plan on switching between 10-20 apps at the same time. If you’re a light smartphone user, someone who only uses their phone for calls, texts, What- sApp and light browsing, you can easily get away with 3-4 GB RAM. For power users, something around the ballpark of 6-8 GB is perfectly fine.

Choice of operating system

It boils down to two options - Android or iOS. The choice is actually more complicated than you imagine since both operating systems have a sizable list of pros and cons. If you’re someone who enjoys tinkering around with your device and customising it to your heart’s content, you’re Team Android. If you like a simple, powerful OS which gets constant software updates and is supported for a more extended period, you’re Team iOS. Nevertheless, Android is also almost as powerful but not quite as simple, although the current Android version has become much simpler to use than the days of Gingerbread. Just know that iOS, as an OS, is quite limiting, in some cases. For instance, you cannot sideload apps from the internet if they are not available on the App Store, the split-screen mode still isn’t a thing on iPhones (just iPads), you cannot customise your home screen (although iOS 14 may include widgets), and you definitely cannot use launchers to completely change the look of your phone. However, iOS comes with a plethora of advantages as well, such as iMessage, FaceTime, regular software updates, and the biggest of all, minimal bloatware, and no adware! We’re looking at you, Xiaomi!

Prefered user interface

You also have to keep in mind that numerous smartphones come with their own skin or UI (user interface) smacked on top of Android. OnePlus has OxygenOS, a clean skin that is quite close to stock Android, Samsung comes with One UI 2, which has improved by leaps and bounds from its TouchWiz days, MIUI on Xiaomi phones, which is an ad-fest but is well-optimised, ColorOS on Oppo and Realme smartphones, that is heavily inspired by iOS.

Remember to try and experience the UI before buying the device to see if it works for you.

A good display

Smartphone display sizes seem to be ever-increasing and are continually pushing the boundary of what we’d expect a smartphone display size to be. They’ve reached the ‘phablet’ realm with displays even reaching up to 6.9-inches!

However, in the age where content is being consumed increasingly on our pocket devices (hard to call them that now), this may not be a bad thing. We suggest anything above 5.7 inches so you can really immerse yourself into games and media. As far as display types go, you have LCD and AMOLED displays. AMOLED displays have variants such as OLED or Super AMOLED (in the case of Sam- sung) and have better contrast and darker blacks. They also assist in saving battery since they turn off all the black pixels on the phone to display ‘true black’.

Next, you also have various resolutions such as Full HD, Full HD+ Quad HD. While QHD does provide crisper images, the difference between FHD and QHD is not too jarring, especially to the untrained eye. You should also check the screen protection on your device. Gorilla 5 and 6 are usually used in current-generation smartphones, and they provide reasonable protection for your glass sandwiches. However, we still recommend a case strongly.

The right amount of storage

The current standard is 64GB on lower-end models and 128GB to 512GB on flagships. With swift sharing apps and technologies, almost all of us import every single GB of data from our previous phones to the new ones. So, adequate storage is essential. We recommend that you do not go under 128GB since it will give you enough breathing room to keep your data as well as download apps to your heart’s content. Also, keep an eye out for phones with expandable memory storage.

Battery life that fits your daily requirements

The golden standard of battery life in flagship smartphones is 6+ hours of screen on time. Anything with higher capacities can mostly allow even heavy-users to power through. Flagship phones, as well as some mid-range phones, can also reach 8-10 hours of screen on time, which is brilliant. The goal is to get a phone that can at least pull through one whole day of intensive usage. So, ensure to check battery tests online before purchasing a device. Also, try and research if the phone you’re planning on buying has a decent power-saving mode.

Camera quality that justifies the price

In 2020, multi-cameras are the norm and phones with just one rear camera are extremely rare now. You usually get a primary lens which sports the highest MP count, a portrait lens, and a wide-angle shooter. And then, you also have a few extras that some manufacturers add such as the ToF (Time of Flight) sensor, macro lens, and colour filter lens. We, at the Digit Labs, are fans of the wide-angle lens because of the magnitude of images you can now take on phones. Capturing sprawling scenes is not a problem anymore! The portrait lens, when done well, can produce spectacular bokeh shots too. However, if this trend just isn’t for you and the growing camera bumps enrage you, it would be best to buy older phones with one primary lens or newer ones such as the iPhone SE 2020. Also, don’t go MP hunting, higher megapixel-count doesn’t always mean better images since the sensor size is much more integral to producing good photos.

Smartphones have also been employing pixel-binning, which essentially turns four or more pixel into one big pixel, that adds clarity and detail to the image. Also, for now, try to stray away from the 108MP sensors since they’re pretty rough around the edges at the moment plagued with image fringing and autofocus issues.

Miscellaneous things to consider

• Wireless charging
• Gaming Mode
• Fingerprint sensor vs Face Unlock
• Bluetooth version
• IP Rating
• Dual sim
• Reverse wireless charging
• Stereo speakers
• NFC
• Dual-band Wi-Fi

What not to consider?

Foldable designs

While the design evolution is innovative and smart, it is simply too early to be completely reliable. Our verdict? Hold off on buying foldable phones for a few years.

5G smartphones

In a country like the US which is slowly but surely seeing widespread 5G integration (low band or mmWave), sure, go for 5G phones to futureproof. However, 5G integration in India is still a ways away, and the proper rollout is years away. So, it makes no sense paying more to purchase a 5G phone.

Which AMD Ryzen mobile processor should I go for?

AMD follows a very simple naming convention for their desktop and mobile processors. AMD’s processor portfolio is broadly classified as APUs (Accelerated Processing Unit) and CPUs (Central Processing Unit). The difference between the two simply comes down to whether there's Integrated Graphics on the processor. The ones with integrated graphics are called APUs whereas the ones without, are called CPUs. When it comes to laptops, practically all your options are APUs. They’ll either be the Stoney Ridge (E2/A4/A6/A9) APUs or the newer Raven Ridge and Picasso APUs (Ryzen). Let’s see how these processors are named so that you can figure out exactly what kind of performance to expect. 

Stoney Ridge (AMD E2 / A4 / A6 / A9)

Stoney Ridge is AMD’s Ultra Mobile processor range that was unveiled in 2016. Each SKU has 2 CPU cores and comes with Radeon R2/R3/R4/R5 Integrated Graphics. All E2/A4 processors have 2 GPU cores. The only exception is the AMD A4-9120C which has three GPU cores. The remaining A6/A9 processors all have 3 GPU cores. Even the Integrated Graphics across A6 and A9 processors are very similar with the distinction being made by higher frequencies. If everything seems latin and greek, then just remember one thing - higher the number equals higher performance. 

Example: Stoney Ridge APUs will have a naming scheme that looks like this - AMD A4-9125. The model number is broken down as the series (A4) followed by the model (9125). The E2/A4/A6/A9 are all ordered sequentially in terms of increasing performance i.e. A9 is the highest performing, then comes A6, followed by A4 and lastly there’s the E2. Likewise, an AMD A6-9225 is slightly more powerful than an AMD A6-9210. 

Raven Ridge and Picasso (AMD Ryzen)

The Raven Ridge and Picasso processors are based on the newer AMD microarchitecture. Between the two, Picasso is the newer one utilising the “Zen+” CPU cores whereas Raven Ridge uses the original “Zen” CPU cores. Both are very competitive, in terms of performance. One of the biggest changes with the new Zen-based cores is the increased IPC performance which puts it in league with the competition. The entire list of processors under Raven Ridge and Picasso can be found below. Raven Ridge processors have their model numbers starting with 2xxx (Example - Ryzen 5 2500U) and Picasso have their model numbers starting with 3xxx (Example - Ryzen 5 3500U). Each family of processors range starts off with one Athlon processor followed by Ryzen 3, Ryzen 5 and Ryzen 7 in order of performance. You will also see a ‘U’ or ‘H’ suffix in all processor names. The U-series is meant for thin-and-light form factor laptops since it consumes less power whereas the H-series is meant for higher performance machines such as gaming laptops. 

Like Stoney Ridge, even Raven Ridge and Picasso Processors are APUs, so you have integrated graphics in all of them. Again, if you look at the GPU model, you can see that the processors have IGPs named Vega which are arranged in order of performance from Vega 3 to Vega 11. 

TL:DR - Get a Ryzen powered machine since they are the newer processor family from AMD. A processor with ‘H’ at the end performs better than the ones with ‘U’ at the end. The top processor is a Ryzen 7 XXXX, followed by Ryzen 5 XXXX, after which comes the Ryzen 3 XXXX and lastly, there are the Athlons. Processors with a U at the end are made for longer battery life while compromising on performance.

What kind of graphics can you expect from a laptop?

Let’s break this part down into the two main offerings you’re going to get - Integrated graphics and discrete graphics. Integrated graphics are the ones that come on the processor itself whereas discrete graphics are the ones where you have a separate graphics card which performs a lot more than the integrated graphics. 

Integrated AMD Radeon Graphics

Of late, Integrated Graphics has really caught on with the likes of discrete graphics and more game developers have also taken notice of their prowess. Video games which are popular in the esports circuit are now much more optimised than what had been the case a couple of years ago. An entry-level Ryzen 3 3200 with Radeon RX Vega 3 integrated graphics can provide about 75 FPS in Counter-Strike: Global Offensive with the resolution set to 720p and the graphics set to low. The same goes for video games such as Dota 2, League of Legends, etc. Here’s a table listing the average FPS one can get with a Ryzen 3 3200U which comes with the Radeon RX Vega 3 Graphics.

These are approximations since most of these games do not come with internal benchmarking tools. However, it does give you a good idea of what the Vega 3 Mobile Graphics chipset is capable of. All of these scores were observed with the graphics set to the least possible settings and the resolution set to 1280x720 or 1366x768 based on whichever preset was available. 

Now that you’ve seen what the least possible frame rates are with the Ryzen 3 3200U, let’s take a look at the other end of the spectrum with the Ryzen 7 3700U. This one has the AMD Radeon RX Vega 10 integrated graphics which is the highest at the moment.

Again, these are approximations of the frame rates you will be experiencing with the Ryzen 7 3700U. You must be wondering how the Ryzen 7 3700H performs. After all, it’s even better than the Ryzen 7 3700U. We didn’t mention that because the Ryzen 7 3700H is often paired with a discrete graphics card, so whatever frame rates you’ll be experiencing are as a result of the discrete graphics and that'll be way higher than what you see here.

What size of laptop should you go for?

With laptops, you have a couple of standard sizes - 11.6-inch, 12.5-inch, 13.3-inch, 14-inch, 15.6-inch and 17.3-inch. The compact ones which are in the 1.5-2 KG weight category are usually found in the 11.6-to-14-inch sizes, so if you want a lightweight machine then you will be limited to small sizes. You can’t get a large 15.6-inch display on a lightweight device since that would make the machine extremely flimsy. In a similar vein, you can’t expect high battery life from a gaming laptop. 

If you have to carry your machine around on a daily basis, then it’s better if you get a smaller screen size. They’re lightweight and fit in practically every bag / backpack. Speaking of backpacks, most of them can fit up to a 15.6-inch laptop. Some pointers to keep in mind would be that you’re unlikely to get a gaming-worthy graphics card in a small laptop unless your definition of gaming is limited to casual titles. Don’t expect to run compute-heavy tasks either. The cheaper ones are relatively thick and the ultra-thin ones can cost you an arm and a liver. Also, certain thin models might not be upgradeable since the SSD and RAM will be soldered onto the motherboard. 

The 14-to-15.6-inch category is the most common and you’ll find a lot of configuration options within this price bracket. If you’re picky about all the options you’d like to have with your machine then this is the category to look at. 

Battery Life

Manufacturers are rarely honest and transparent about how they rate the battery life of a laptop. There is no standard mechanism of gauging this metric and you will end up seeing outrageously high claims that rarely match up to what you experience in the real world. We’ve observed manufacturers marking up battery life by about 60-80% higher in some cases. At the end of the day, it’s a highly subjective parameter that’s determined by the manner in which you personally use the machine. Here are some pointers to keep in mind with regards to battery usage. 

• Applications that use the graphics card consume a lot of battery power. This includes video games, video encoding software, etc.

• Applications that stress the CPU also consume a lot of battery power. This includes CAD software, rendering software, multi-tasking, etc.

• Watching a view isn’t a tedious task. Modern processors are very optimised at handling this.

• Browsing the web and using productivity tools consume moderate levels of batter power. 

• Your display panel consumes a lot of power. Higher refresh-rate displays consume more than the normal 60 Hz panels.

Battery life degrades on the basis of how you charge and discharge your laptop. In order to maximise your battery life, it is ideal to let your battery drain as much as possible to about 10% of its rated life before charging it. Also, you should ideally not disturb a charging cycle. Modern day Lithium-ion batteries are much better at retaining their charge and are not as susceptible to the memory effect as Nickel Cadmium and Nickel Metal Hydride batteries but they effect is still present. So you need to observe proper charge cycles to prolong the life of your laptop battery.

A good way to figure out if you’ll enjoy good battery life is by looking at the mAh or WHr rating for your battery instead of paying attention to how many cells it has. A 6-cell or 9-cell battery doesn’t tell you much unless you know how much each battery is rated for. To put things into perspective, if your laptop has about 45 watt-hours and doesn’t have a discrete graphics card then you can get about 6-8 hours of battery life. If it has a graphics card and you start gaming on it, then you’ll get about 2 hours tops. 

Storage

Never underestimate the joy that an NVMe SSD can bring in your life. Your laptop might ship with a spinning hard drive, hybrid drive (HDD+SSD), SATA SSD, NVMe SSD or a combination of 2 or more of the aforementioned storage medium. If you want snappy user experience then a faster storage goes a long way towards that objective. Most premium laptops tend to have a fast NVMe M.2 SSD whereas the budget laptops come with SATA SSDs. The SATA interface has a bandwidth limit of 600 MBps whereas NVMe drives on PCIe Gen 4.0 have been seen with transfer speeds of around 5500 MB/s which is quite close to the theoretical bandwidth of 7.876 MB/s that four PCIe Gen 4 lanes can provide. 

That being said, more isn’t always better. Most folks will barely be able to tell a drive running at 1 GBps apart from one that’s giving 2 or 3 GBps. So you don’t have to spend a ridiculous amount of money getting the absolute best SSD available in the market. 

Aside from SSDs, even hard drives have improved of late. Plenty of gaming laptops make use of hybrid drives which are principally hard drives but also have some NAND chips to help increase performance. If you get a laptop with an SSD as well as a HDD, then you have the best of both worlds. To put performance into perspective you can refer to the following order:

NVMe SSD > SATA SSD > Hybrid Hard Drive > Hard Drive

Then comes the question of capacity. Usually, if you have a combination of a hard drive as well as an SSD, then your SSD is the one where you’d want to install your most frequently used software. This includes your OS, productivity tools and that one video game that you play the most. All of these things considered, a 256 GB SSD is sort of the bare minimum you should be looking at. Anything more than that is awesome but comes with a slight price premium. 

Screen type, resolution, refresh rate and finish

There are plenty of screen options these days and then there are varieties within that. If you opt for a gaming laptop, then you’ll have a plethora of displays with varying refresh rates which make a world of a difference to your experience. And if you’re looking for a laptop for editing then there are panels which are colour calibrated from the factory and have better colour reproduction to begin with. To keep things simple, here are a few guidelines.

Refresh rate: 120 Hz is sort of the sweet spot at the moment. You do have higher refresh rate panels but the law of diminishing returns applies here. Matters if you are gaming.

Response time: If the response time is lower then you’ll see crisper images as the pixels will transition to the new frame quicker. Higher response times will lead to a bit of blurring. Matters if you’re playing fast-paced video games such as First-Person-Shooter titles. TN panels have the least response times but the viewing angles aren’t that great.

Resolution: You’re limited by your screen size here. Getting a 4K panel on a 13-inch laptop will cost a lot. The same applies to higher refresh rate panels as well, there aren’t as many 4K panels available with high refresh rate, so most gaming laptops with high-refresh rate panels are in the 15.6-inch category. Full HD i.e. 1920x1080 is pretty good for most people.

Panel type: There are multiple panel types which are broadly classified as TN, IPS and VA. TN have the fastest response times but suffer from poor viewing angles, IPS have the best colours but aren’t as fast as TN and VA have high contrast but aren’t as fast as TN. Within the three categories, you have a lot more subdivisions which have blurred the lines between these panel technologies but laptop manufacturers will rarely every specify that, so we’ll leave it at these three. Here’s a comparison of the colours on all three panels.

Source: Reddit / wepc.com

These pointers should go a long way towards helping you decide what to look for while deciding on a new laptop, no matter the use case. If you’d like us to focus on additional parameters, do let us know.

What to consider

Power-saving features

Certain sub-brands do indeed have a performance difference because of their power saving features. The spindle speed is reduced during low load and the hard drive head will be moved to its resting bank. So if you were to access data at that time, the hard drive has to perform a spin-up and the access time goes up. Access times for hard drives are anyway low, to begin with, and these power saving features drop access times even further. So only opt for such power- saving drives if you already have an SSD for your boot drive. It’s not easy to say which drives have the power saving features and which don’t without checking the datasheet. They’ll generally not mention a fixed value under the RPM column.

RPM

RPM is the speed at which the spindle within the hard drive rotates. It stands for Rotations Per Minute and a drive with higher RPM is capable of higher transfer speeds. For example, drives with 15,000 RPM will have about 200 MB/s throughput while those with 7,200 RPM will peak at 130 MB/s. The power saving drives will give 80-100 MB/s. These might not seem to be that significant on paper but when you use a PC with a slower mechanical drive, you’ll know the difference.

Cache

A cache memory is a temporary storage space that the hard drive uses to store data while moving data to and from the drive or between two sectors on the same drive. A higher cache is better but can only be used during sustained high-load periods. Some hard drives have hybrid implementations with an SSD NAND attached. In such cases, having a cache higher than 32 MB makes sense. Otherwise, the higher cache can barely be used. If you ever find two hard drives with the same RPM but different speeds, then the cache is mostly responsible for the difference.

Failure rate

Hard drives being the mechanical monstrosities they are with many moving parts, suffer from higher failure rates than other storage media. Certain brands cut corners when building hard drives and with drives hitting capacities of double-digit TBs these days, it’ll be a massive inconvenience if your hard drive were to die on you. Thankfully, we have websites that track failure rates. BackBlaze in one such service which uses data from its RMA service to chart out failure rates on an annual basis. You should check out their blog to see which drives are likely to fail and which are a safer choice.

Warranty periods - Go with whichever brand is offering the higher warranty period. Hard drives fail often and buying a drive with a reduced warranty is just asking for trouble. Most drives will ship with 2-year warranties while high-performance drives tend to have up to 5-year warranty periods. If a drive manufacturer drops warranty period on a series, simply vote with your wallet and stop buying drives from that brand.

What not to consider

Use-case specific branding

Before SSDs entered the scene, the minute differences between sub-brands from hard drives used to matter. However, with SSDs in the picture, the hard drives have become secondary. So if you get a good SSD, then the hard drive is simply relegated to mass storage.

What to consider

Type of headphone

Headphones have different categories catering to your preferences and budget. It starts off with earbuds that fall into the cheapest segment. They usually have poor sound quality and noise isolation as well but are incredibly cheap. Next, you have IEMs or in-ear monitors that sit inside your ear cavity to deliver superior sound and noise isolation. They are available from a budget segment to even the audiophile category. IEMs offer an incredibly snug fit and sometimes, they also come with different interchangeable bud sizes. You will also find custom earbuds that are made according to the shape of your ear cavity. However, those are way too expensive. If you’re a gym or sports enthusiast, you can check out dedicated IEMs that are sweat resistant and even waterproof for swimmers. Now, we come to over-the-ear and on-the-ear headphones. Some users would prefer these kinds of headphones since they don’t stick into your ears. Over-the-ear headphones are also called circumaural which means the earpads covers your ears. On-the-ear headphones are also called supra-aural and they stay on your ears. It boils down to which of the two you prefer. Both these types are also available in closed and open back options. Closed back headphones will offer you a narrow soundstage and isolate the sound better without letting others know what you’re listening. Unless the closed back earphone suffers from leakage. They are a popular choice if you intend to use them when you’re travelling or while sitting around people. Open back headphones have a wide soundstage and since the earcups are open, people around you will be able to hear what you’re listening to. They deliver incredible audio performance and you should only go for them if you’re going to use them in a closed room without disturbing anyone else.

Impedance

When you’re buying headphones, you need to look at the impedance, based on where you’re going to use it. We won’t go into much detail into explaining impedance. All you need to know is that low impedance headphones will be able to work with low power devices like portable music players and smartphones. For example, headphones with an impedance of 16 ohms or 32 ohms can be driven by most of the high-end and even mid-tier smartphones. However, if you’re connecting a headphone with an impedance of 300 ohms, your smartphone won’t be able to drive it and you’ll require an external amp. Low impedance headphones can be used on powerful equipment but there are chances that the drivers might blow out. Conclusively, if you want to use your headphones with your smartphone, you should go for a low impedance headphone. If you’re using your headphone with sound mixers, you should look for high impedance headphones.

Budget

You’ll find an endless number of choices when you’re buying headphones, even at different budget ranges. And you will realise that every budget will have a set of great sounding headphones. Hence, you have to decide how much you want to spend on them. Picking your budget for headphones is important because you might want to add extra accessories to them later. You might want to buy an amp or a DAC, or both which will cost you an extra sum of money. Later, you may even think of improving the filters or maybe replace the earpads with something of your choice. The best way would be to plan how much you are willing to spend overall on your listening equipment and then accordingly assign the budget for your headphone.

Music

Although your best bet would be on a headphone with a flat sound signature, you might have preferences for the kind of music you listen to. When the sound signature is flat, you might not enjoy your favourite music on them. Say, you’re into rock or jazz. You’d want the highs or the treble to be boosted to an extent where the instruments stand out. Similarly, if you prefer EDM or dance music, then you would prefer the lows or the bass enhanced. Hence, it’s completely based on personal preferences and the only way to find out is to listen to these headphones or verify their performance from reliable sources. Usage: The way you use your headphone is going to highly affect your buying decision. If you’re looking for a headphone for your daily commute, you’d want something portable that fits inside a bag or in your pocket. If you want to play games, then you would want a headphone with superior comfort and a microphone. You might even want wireless connectivity if you don’t want to deal with cables. There are options for every use-case and you can even score headphones that offer a middle-ground in some scenarios.

Earpads

Comfort is a priority if you intend on using your headphones for long sessions. The earpads are given different kinds of coating which should be given a lot of thought before buying. You’ll find leather, fabric, or just a plain rubber lining over the cushion. Whatever feels better over your skin, go for it. The cushions are usually made of foam while some headphones on the higher end are made with memory foam. The latter is slightly better since it will last you longer.

What not to consider

Active noise cancellation

Most of the headphones out there will offer some form of passive noise cancellation or isolation. This is done through the earpads where over-the-ear headphones are able to deliver better isolation. Active noise cancellation is something you should consider only if you really need it and not treat it as an additional feature in the headphone. You won’t be able to block out people chattering around and only prevent noise from jet engines or air-conditioners. They are also expensive and with the extra hardware installed to implement it, the overall sound quality is slightly compromised. So, if you’re one of those people who travel a lot in planes or spend most of their time at noisy locations, go for it if the noise bothers you.

Wider frequency response

The human ear is capable of hearing sounds between 20-20,000 Hz. You’ll find headphones specifying that they can reproduce sounds up to 23,000 Hz and down to 15 Hz. Some would say that this gives the sound more room to play around and offer better sound quality. However, that’s almost negligible to the untrained ear and you won’t be able to listen to the sounds in those ranges at all.

What to consider

Membrane keyboards

The first step is to decide what type of keyboard you want to buy. Whether you fancy the good old membrane keyboard or want to go for a more durable mechanical one or something in between. Also called Rubber Dome keyboards, they have an advantage of being incredibly cheap while getting the job done. They are still affordable but if you spend a bit more, then you can buy a mechanical keyboard on the lower segment. Coming to personal preference, the only way you can be sure about which one feels better is by hands-on experience. Reading about how a keyboard feels can be a reference point but unless you’ve actually tried it yourself, you shouldn’t make a final decision. When it comes to membrane keyboards, there are a few things you need to keep in mind. They have a lower durability compared to mechanical and hybrid keyboards but they should last you for five years depending on how much you type on it. The keyboard won’t stop functioning but there will be wear and tear all over while the membrane flattens to a degree to a point where it’s unusable. Membrane keyboards are also extremely silent because you’re literally pushing down the keys over a dampening material.

Hybrid keyboards

Several manufacturers have tried to push hybrid keyboards into the market to give the mechanical “feel” in membrane keyboards. They do have the tactile feeling but now that the prices of mechanical keyboards have dropped drastically, their existence is in question. Hybrid keyboards or mem-chanical as some call it, sell almost at the same price as budget mechanical keyboards. They do offer higher durability than membrane keyboards and they tend to be slightly louder. Typing on them gives you the mechanical feel but since there’s still a membrane underneath, it feels mushy. The only justification for buying these keyboards is personal preference and cost saving since most of them are bundled in keyboard-mouse combos.

Mechanical keyboards

When it comes to mechanical keyboards, there are numerous factors you should consider before buying. The switch type should be your priority and there are many options to pick. You have linear, tactile and clicky switches, all of them with a different feel, but broadly switches can be classified into these three variants. And they are accordingly colour coded by most of the switch manufacturers. However, there are exceptions, so you should look for the specifications of the specific switch. As we mentioned earlier, the best way to determine how they feel is to physically use them yourself. You’ll find many switch variants from companies such as Cherry, Razer, Romer-G, Kailh, Outemu, SteelSeries, etc. Most of them have switch options for linear and clicky variants. Even though most of the switch design is based on the Cherry design, except Romer-G and SteelSeries, they still have nuances. This can only be determined if you’ve used all of them for an incredible amount of time to notice the differences. Switch durability is almost similar on all them but the knock-off variants are now claiming to have achieved a higher lifespan. Cherry switches (50 million keystrokes) have been around for a really long time and they have passed the test of time. Since these new switches are relatively new, the jury is still out on whether they will be able to reflect the same or better durability than the original creators. These switches have a mechanical part making contact and it’s bound to wear off over time. Optical switches have recently entered the market, claiming twice the durability of Cherry switches. However, they are expensive for now. Keycaps play an important role in the typing experience and durability. Usually, keyboard manufacturers ship normal ABS keycaps with the legends laser-printed. They aren’t bad but they won’t really last as long as the switches would. For higher longevity, you could consider keyboards shipping PBT keycaps or even ABS keycaps with double-shot moulding for the legends. These keycaps can be separately bought later as well.

Common features

Once you’ve decided on what type of keyboard you want, here are a few more things you need to keep in mind before making a final decision. Depending on your use case, you should decide what kind of layout do you want. Keyboards are available in various sizes such as Standard, Tenkeyless (TKL) and Compact. The difference is usually based on the presence of the numpad. Compact keyboards get rid of the arrow keys and the keys above it as well. If you fancy a small form-factor keyboards and don’t mind the absence of the keys on the right of the backspace, this could be the best for you.

N-key rollover is one of the most important features since you will be pressing multiple keys while gaming. The number denoted instead of “N” denotes the maximum number of keys that the keyboard can register simultaneously. Anything up to 6-key rollover should be enough for gaming. Certain key combinations fail to register or input an additional key press out of nowhere. This is called “ghosting”. You will find keyboards labelled to include “anti-ghosting technology” which means that they have implemented countermeasures to avoid ghosting. Not all manufacturers specify the key combinations to which anti-ghosting has been implemented. But you can expect the regular WASD keys along with the modifiers to be included in it.

Backlighting is a feature directed towards users who are going to use the keyboard in dark environments. That can include office spaces or even gamers playing in their rooms at night. Even monochrome illumination is enough since the only purpose is to spot the keys in the dark. However, if you hardly look at your keyboard while typing, you wouldn’t bother with backlighting.

Macro functionality isn’t a necessary feature but it’s good to have if you’re a gamer. It’s also possible that you won’t use macros in any game at all. Support for macro can be found with or without software support. On-the-fly macro recording can be done on keyboards that have memory chips embedded. With software support, macro recording can be extended way further than simple keystrokes to mouse clicks as well. Speaking of software support, it’s a luxury and you don’t really need it unless you want control over backlighting and macros.
A few more features you could look for include wireless connectivity, spill-proof design, USB and audio pass-through ports, and dedicated keys for multimedia control and Windows keys locking functionality.

What not to consider

Just like other product category, keyboards are overloaded with marketing jargon. The most common is keyboards being labelled as “gaming” keyboards. Of course, there are certain features that will give you an advantage while playing games, but fundamentally it doesn’t mean that normal keyboards can’t be used for gaming. No matter what type of keyboard you buy, if you’re planning on using it for competitive gaming, you can refer to the features mentioned in the previous section.

Full N-key rollover wasn’t possible earlier through a USB connection but that has changed now. We already told you that you’d be fine with 6-key rollover but do you really need full N-key rollover? No, you don’t. In most of the games, you won’t be pressing more than five to six keys all at once. Unless you’re using musical instrument emulators on your system, it makes sense to go for a keyboard with 10-key rollover. Anything more than the number of fingers on your hands automatically becomes unnecessary.

As a geek, would you really bother about the number of colours the keyboard can light up? RGB lighting looks great along with the lighting effects. However, they don’t serve any purpose in improving the performance of the keyboard. All they do is make your keyboard look good and maybe sync with the colour scheme of your entire build. So, don’t bother about the millions of colours that the keyboard can reproduce.

What to consider

Compatibility

The first thing you need to consider when getting yourself a controller is its compatibility. Will it work with the gaming system you have, be it any of the popular consoles, a PC, or even your mobile device? Most controllers nowadays come with many connectivity options, ranging from wired USB to wireless Bluetooth. These options are available on both the latest versions of the DualShock controllers and the Xbox controllers. You also have to consider if it’ll work as intended. Even if it’s able to connect, there might be issues of compatibility between the controller’s firmware and the system you have. Be sure to check if they’re compatible or if there are easy solutions available to ensure compatibility.

Comfort

One of the most important factors to consider when picking out a controller is the comfort. This is a device that will be in your hands for hours on end. If it’s uncomfortable or causing you issues over long periods of use it’s a big no-no. Of course, anything used over long periods of time is a big no-no. Everything in moderation, right? Currently, most controllers adhere to a common layout: Two clickable analogue sticks, a D-pad, the four face buttons and a pair of trigger and shoulder buttons. This layout seems to be the norm when it comes to controllers and has remained the same for at least two console generations. However, newer features have been added to this layout over-time, such as the touchpad on the new DualShock and even the new under-buttons that have shown up on the Xbox One Elite controller. Of course, there’s always controllers that ‘break the meta’ so to speak, such as the Nintendo Wiimotes for example, but their use-case is very specific and they wouldn’t really work with games other than the ones on the Wii itself. Case in point the Switch Pro controller adheres to the common layout used by most controllers and JoyCons are simply a miniaturised and more portable version of the same. The layout is common to most handheld consoles as well, at least the popular ones.

Finally, consider preference. Some people have a genre preference when it comes to gaming and you ideally want a controller that’s good for that genre. Also consider hand-size, some might not prefer bulky controllers, but those with bigger hands might prefer it. There’s also the feel and travel of the buttons and even the sound they make, everyone has a preference when it comes to these things. Ultimately, you should go for what feels most comfy in your hands.

Build

If you want your controller to last longer than a few gaming sessions you have to consider the build. Emotions can often run high during gaming sessions, and as such, the controllers need to survive emotional outbreaks beset upon them. Consider this if you don’t want your controller to stop working if you drop it once by accident, or throw it at the screen purposely. There are a lot of third-party custom controller makers out there that sell their controllers at incredibly cheap prices, you need to watch out for those as they usually don’t last for more than two or three gaming sessions. Spending once on a reliable brand’s controller is a safer bet.

What not to consider

Over-complication

Avoid controllers that overwhelm you. If there’s too many buttons, half of which you probably won’t ever use, avoid it. Depending on the kind of games you play as well, or how hardcore a gamer you are, even an Xbox controller might seem overwhelming. Weird shapes and button placement: There’s plenty of these in the market and while they might look cool, they’re definitely not comfortable. But don’t take our word for it, there might be an unorthodox controller out there just right for you. Be sure to thoroughly try them out first before making the purchase. And if you can’t try them out, we say don’t bother. If you really, really, still want to get it, research it online as much as you can before you’re disappointed by it when it arrives at your doorstep.

Flashy paint jobs/design

There are some big companies that do custom paint jobs and flashy designs for popular controllers. These are fine but are far more expensive than their regular brethren. However, there are cheaper knock-off controllers that also come with flashy designs to lure in buyers. You want to avoid those like the plague. The most obvious standout will be the price, which will be significantly lower than even standard controller prices. You can still go for them if you want, as long as you’re willing to buy a new unit once every few months.

I know what’s going through your minds -- projectors over TVs? Well, you’re partly right. A home entertainment projector is worth investing in if you have a big house with large rooms and a dedicated movie room (if not a mini theatre). Having said that, you should consider an HD projector if you need the convenience of a large screen display that your LCD TV just can’t provide. 

A projector’s great for projecting a large viewable area either on an overhanging screen or directly onto the smooth wall surface – something that TVs can’t match – making projectors a worthwhile medium for supersizing your evening movies or gaming sessions. Unlike a TV, the projector’s also portable and convenient enough to be hooked into any room of the house.

A projector will always seem expensive for someone who’s looking to buy a sub-50-inch HDTV. But the minute you start looking for HDTVs that measure over 50-inch in sizes, its price range starts to overlap that of a reasonably good home projector that can offer a wider screen in comparison. And if you’re don’t really need a smart, intelligent TV (that lets you surf the Web, play games, supports gesture and voice control, and everything that burns a crater-sized hole through your wallet) a projector is something that starts to make a lot of sense. 

Some recent advancements in the projector segment have increasingly increased the acceptability of projectors. Unlike a few years ago where projectors offered lamp life of 2000-3000 hours, most projectors launched in the past year are offering a minimum lamp life of 5000 hours. That roughly translates to over five years of lamp life if you run the projector for between 2-3 hours every day. The cost of projectors is also reducing – where good HD projectors were selling over Rs.1-1.5 lakhs just over three years ago, that’s come down under a lakh per unit now. Lastly, the rise of ultra-short throw projectors that can project 60+ inch wide viewable area from just a few centimetres away from the screen is making projectors more lucrative for space-conscious, city slickers that don’t have lots of real estate. Connectivity options on projectors has improved – you can play content off of a pen drive, hard drive, smartphone, wireless device, etc. – too.

When you go to market to purchase a projector for your home, don’t settle for the cheapest one. Watching a fast-paced movie off a projector that’s not meant for it is a painful experience made doubly painful if you paid good money for it. So beware of buying a lemon. Also portable projectors are ok if you travel a lot, but a strict no-no if you’re considering them as your primary TV replacement-cum-entertainment option for home. They simply don’t perform as well as I’d want them to. Under the sub-1 lakh price point, you can get very good HD home entertainment projectors from BenQ, Epson, and Dell. 4K UHD projectors have started launching but these are flagship units from the likes of Sony and BenQ, for example, which are upwards of 2.5 lacs -- too expensive for now. Wait for prices to drop in a year or two.

As per my observations, 3LCD projectors are slightly better than conventional DLP ones, in terms of overall picture quality. Since 3LCD is patented by Epson, their home entertainment projectors are definitely top notch and worth checking out (but they aren’t cheap). At your local Reliance Digital, Croma or Ezone, try playing with projectors from BenQ, Epson, Dell and ViewSonic. They’re pretty good.

Stay away from 3D projectors, as they aren’t great after the novelty wears off. Yes, you’d need a dedicated 5.1 surround sound speaker system to pair to that projector of yours, as none of them support onboard speakers capable of producing even passable quality of audio. But yeah, other than these disclaimers, I think it’s time to start thinking of buying a projector this Diwali, if the price’s right. 

This article was first published in October 2016 issue of Digit magazine. To read Digit's articles first, subscribe here or download the Digit e-magazine app for Android and iOS. You could also buy Digit's previous issues here.

Apart from all the traditional bigwigs of the marketplace, brands like ASUS, Acer, Dell, HP and Lenovo, that dominate most laptop sales (and not just in the netbook space, mind you), recently brands like Micromax, Swipe, iBall, MaxPro and others have started selling their inexpensive netbook alternatives for consumers to choose from, too. And almost all of these new entrants of the market are heavily undercutting the established traditional brands’ netbook offerings. How much should you trust these new brands of tiny, thin and light laptops (aka netbooks)? What’s the catch in their offer? Is it truly an incredible buy or is it all too good to be true? Here’s what I think.

Netbooks being sold at the magical Rs. 9,999 price point seem to really pinch the buyer in the features department – especially in the RAM, storage, operating system department. Instead of a minimum of 500GB hard drive, most offer only a measly 32GB of storage; instead of Windows 10, most offer only Windows 8.1 (remember, the official Microsoft free Windows 8 to Windows 10 offer ended on July 29, so no more freebies!) and some offer only a DOS or Linux operating environment – far from ideal. Don’t be swayed by their “quad-core” label when you come across their listings on e-commerce websites, as the CPU and chipset they run on are often several generation older and not the latest.

These machines are meant to offer the bare minimum in terms of performance in order to maximise its battery life, so quad-core essentially means nothing here with respect to its CPU. It’s all Intel Atom-based SoCs, Celeron or Pentium, anyway. Very little to separate between the various Atom SoCs, in terms of performance, unless it’s based on Bay Trail or later versions (Moorefield, Cherryview, etc), where the onboard GPU is significantly better than older Intel HD variants. But since the screen resolution of all these 10 to 12-inch devices is 720p (or thereabouts), a humble GPU (which again consumes as little power as possible) is par for the course. Intel Celeron or Pentium-based netbooks are generally slightly more powerful than Atom SoCs and usually don’t sell under the Rs.10,000 price point.

I’ll give the devil its due, though, as the netbook-class of laptops are all very good at two things, and those two things only. They’re ridiculously easy to lug around, because they’re so tiny and tip the weighing scales at 1 kg or lesser. Secondly, because of their modest hardware firepower, these tiny netbooks offer very good battery life. I’m confident that all 10-inch netbooks sold between the Rs.10000 to Rs.18000 price point can easily offer double the amount of battery life compared to a 15-inch laptop. Also some of the sub-15,000 tiny laptops also come with a built-in 3G SIM slot, giving you the flexibility to stay connected and work online while you’re on-the-go.

Another concern with most netbooks I’ve used over the years, that’s valid with tiny laptops being sold in the market even now, is that of their build quality. At such inexpensive price points, only a fool would expect netbooks to be built tough and exude a sense of premiumness. Be ready for anything but that!

As long as you’re only ever going to fire up your web browser, get online, watch some YouTube video, stream music, send and receive emails, log into Facebook and Twitter, you can get away with doing all of that on a 10-inch netbook class laptop.  One task at a time, though, otherwise you run the risk of stressing out that tiny laptop’s diminutive CPU! Yes, it will offer you great battery life while being easy to carry around. But that’s it. For anything else, there’s no point wasting your money on these handicapped machines (too harsh? Nope).

This article was first published in September 2016 issue of Digit magazine. To read Digit's articles first, subscribe here or download the Digit e-magazine app for Android and iOS. You could also buy Digit's previous issues here.

Making the right display choice heavily depends upon the type of application intended. The parameters vary wildly depending upon whether you’re looking for a display that will serve as a TV in the living room, one that is meant to go with your gaming rig, or if  you happen to be the sort of person who bases his mobile phone purchase largely upon the quality of the screen. Looking at gaming monitors, the choice is primarily restricted to LED-backlit LCD panels. However, you can always consider OLED TVs, which offer significantly better image fidelity provided you’re willing to spare no expense. We will tackle the differences between the two technologies a bit further down, but first let’s figure out the first step in choosing the right monitor – that is, which panel should you go for?

TN Panels

The most common panel type in the market, TN’s are as old as commercially viable LCD technology itself. If your TV manufacturer hasn’t listed out an some exotic technology underpinning the panel, chances are it’s the good ol’ TN panel. Because this panel type’s simplicity and the fact that it has existed for donkey’s years, this allows it to be ubiquitous due to cheaper manufacturing cost. However, low cost isn’t its only trick. TN panels are by far the quickest when it comes to response time. That is, the pixels within this panel are capable of changing their state quickly and thereby reduce motion artefacts such as blur. That’s why nearly all gaming monitors that support some sort of high refresh rate technology happen to be TN panels. Monitors that also incorporate active LCD shutter based 3D support usually employ TN panels because the 3D implementation requires monitors capable of frame rates upwards of 120 Hz. Modern TN panels catering to gamers promise better motion handling and smoother experience by incorporating true 144 Hz refresh rates. This isn’t meant for 3D implementation, but to offer fluid gameplay experience for FPS gamers, where faster screen refreshes makes the difference between a frag and getting fragged.

It’s cheap, fast, and perfect for gaming, so what’s the catch, you ask. Well, the prime weakness of this panel tragically happens to be picture quality. Make no mistake, the overall performance has improved by a wide margin over the years, but this technology still pales in comparison to other panel types. Mind you, a decent TN panel can still provide sharp and detailed picture with adequate contrast around the 1000:1 mark. However, the colour reproduction isn’t as accurate as the competition. In fact, the overall vibrancy and colour performance is noticeably lacking. That, sadly, isn’t even its main problem. Restricted viewing angles are by far its biggest failing. Don’t go by the specs, where you can find generous viewing angles mentioned, but the amount of colour shift in practical terms is disconcertingly high. View these panels from reasonably off centre position and the colour shift gets worse to the point of complete inversion, wherein the image appears as a film negative. While controlling horizontal viewing angles is relatively easy in a monitor for a single user, controlling the vertical viewing angle is a lot more difficult. If you have a large enough monitor (say 27-inch), colour shifts are going to be a serious problem unless we’re dealing with a really good TN panel.

In short, choose TN panels only if you value 3D and gaming over colour accuracy. These are definitely not the kind of panels you choose for colour accurate web designing, video production, and photo manipulation purposes.

IPS Panels

If TN is at one end of the LCD quality spectrum, IPS (In Plane Switching) panels lie at the very extreme. Nothing beats this technology when it comes to absolute picture quality. It delivers the trifecta of image quality, colour accuracy, and viewing angles, thereby making it indispensable for colour accurate work such as web/graphics design and photo/video editing. As expected, these monitors also happen to be at the higher end of the price spectrum. But for the money, you get sharp, crisp picture with vibrant colour reproduction and viewing angles as wide as 178 degrees. In fact, IPS panels are the way to go if you’re looking for a larger display meant to accommodate more than one viewer.

Pricey IPS panels may offer much higher image fidelity than TN panels, but the technology still has its Achilles heel. The response time of this technology is the slowest of the lot, and ranges from 6 ms to 16 ms depending upon how deep your pockets can go. Make no mistake, this is only a tad bit slower than the average TN panel and not even noticeable in day to day usage. However, slower response time can be telling in video games. If you’re an FPS gamer who’s particular about image quality, you might want to choose IPS panels that deliver a response time of 8 ms or lower.

Dig deeper within the IPS hierarchy and you’ll find further subdivisions that are differentiated by their inherent pixel structure. Each variant has its own pros and cons, wherein parameters such as colour accuracy, contrast, and black levels vary according to the technology employed. S-IPS panels, for example, cost a premium and can be identified by the presence of a purple hue on blacks, when the screen is viewed from chronically acute angles. The cost factor makes this IPS type not as widespread. This is especially true of the more modern H-IPS panels, which incorporate a pixel structure that leads to improved contrast ratios and finer pixel pitch for improved image quality.

Most affordable IPS panels, however, are e-IPS that are pretty decent image quality wise, but only offer 6-bit colour depth. This is rarely an issue considering modern video processing hardware does a pretty good job at FRC/dithering to achieve true colour output despite the 6-bit panel limitation. H-IPS and S-IPS panels with true 8-bit panels are usually necessary in prohibitively expensive colour accurate monitors for professionals.

VA Panels

Vertical Alignment (VA) panels lie somewhere in the middle of the cost/quality spectrum of LCD displays. This panel type is further dubdivided into S-PVA/MVA and offer significantly better colour as well as generous viewing angles when compared to TN panels. Again, like the IPS panels, VA panels tend to have slower response times. Since this technology is more or less similar to S-IPS, it also faces the same problems. Even though VA panels deliver great colour performance and wide viewing angles, it’s still not as good as IPS panels. To make matters worse, the response times is worse when compared to IPS. These panels are definitely not the right fit for gamers, because they tend to add palpable input lag as well.

On the flip side, VA panels tend to offer better blacks even when compared to IPS due to their inherently better contrast ratios. Unfortunately, the performance isn’t as balanced because these panels are marred by serious colour shift issues, which also lead to annoying brightness levels across the width, especially when viewing even from a slight off centre angle. What’s more, even the central viewing position isn’t immune to issues. Colour shifts tend to cause reduced darker details in dark scenes, even when viewed directly from the centre. While some users aren’t sensitive to these colour shifts and uneven brightness, but still others deem it a deal-breaking issue. Thankfully the proliferation of cost effective IPS panels means that VA technology has more or less been edged out. You’re better off avoiding monitors with these panels, since you’re likely to find a good IPS alternative at roughly the same price range.

The World Beyond LCD 

LED-backlit LCDs is doing great in the computer monitor space, but once you enter the realm of larger screens, it opens up the market for OLED alternatives. The sublime plasma technology may be dead, but it’s throne is taken over by another capable emissive alternative that is OLED, which fills in the gaps left behind by LED displays. What follows is an overview of how the emissive OLED displays trump transmissive LED panels in crucial picture quality parameters.

Rich Colours

Colours in LCD panels are limited by their rather convoluted means of colour reproduction. These displays essentially use liquid-crystal filters to block and bend light to create different colours. This isn’t the most fool-proof or efficient means of creating colours, and is marred further by optical anomalies that compromise colour fidelity. On the other hand, every individual pixel in an OLED panel generates accurate colours by exciting the phosphors to emit light of desired colour. Since this approach is similar to that of CRT TVs, OLED sare better at producing excellent contrast levels and rendering accurate colours with rich saturation.

Better Blacks

Being emissive displays, OLED don’t require backlighting, which is the primary cause of black crush, or the inability to render black detail in LED panels. OLEDs can achieve perfect black levels because these panels can switch individual pixels off completely. The lack of a backlight fouling with pixels that are supposed to be darkened, affords much better black detail. Full-matrix backlit LED TVs advertised as locally-dimmed panels try to get around this problem, but they end up introducing the distracting halo effect in the darker scenes.

No Backlight Bleed

Backlight bleed, as the name suggests, is a typical problem faced by transmissive displays such as LCDs and LED-backlit LCDs. Conspicuous bright and dark spots spread randomly across the panel are tell-tale signs of this phenomenon affecting virtually all LED televisions. Such bleeding affects colour and picture uniformity, and is caused by range of factors ranging from imperfect backlight diffusion panels to chassis deformation. Since backlight bleed is linked to material and build quality, it is less prevalent in high-end LED panels. But because it affects cheaper displays the worst, it makes their already poor grey-scale performance end up looking even worse off. OLED TVs, on the other hand, don’t suffer from these gremlins. These emissive panels don’t have to bother with backlights and complicated diffusion panels like LCD panels, thereby making them completely immune to these issues.

Faster Response Time

LCD displays have a much slower pixel response time as compared to OLEDs, which are ten times as fast as conventional LED displays. Pixel response time represents the delay in transitioning from grey to black and white to black states by individual pixels. LEDs are marked by slow response times because the liquid crystals are reconfigured by electrical stimulation to modulate the backlight. The pixels are slow to refresh because the liquid crystals can’t change states fast enough, thereby causing fast moving images to appear blurred to the human eye. Slow response time can be an issue if you watch a lot of sports, action movies, or play video games. Spend more on LED televisions and you’ll find fancier models that employ electronic wizardry such as backlight scanning, higher refresh rates, frame interpolation, and pixel overdrive to mitigate the issue. Interestingly, these can also be applied to OLEDs for even better blur reduction.

Better Viewing Angles

Compared to OLED panels, LEDs are significantly more complicated. This complex design also results in the optimal viewing angle being restricted to a narrow sweet spot directly in front of the display. That’s because transmissive LCD panels pass light through various layers of colour and polarising filters in addition to a liquid crystal layer that block, bend, and vary the intensity of light to produce images. It’s the resulting gap between the backlight and the various layers that introduces colour shift and other picture quality imperfections when viewed from extreme angles. Newer LCD technologies such as IPS panels have greatly improved off-axis screen performance, but nothing comes close to the viewing angles achieved by OLEDs. Because these panels emit light – as opposed to LEDs blocking it – they offer excellent off-axis performance, with virtually no colour and gamma uniformity issues even when viewed from extremely acute angles.

It's amply clear that OLED displays are worthy successors to the legacy of plasma and CRT technology. It's overcomes the problems of size, weight, and power inefficiency of its emissive predecessors and in some aspects even improves upon the picture quality. Unfortunately, the efforts of the LCD lobby, which obviously wants to safeguard its multi billion dollar investment in manufacturing plants, could see the technology meet the same fate as plasma televisions. The fact that all major TV manufacturers are pushing the more expensive, yet inferior Quantum Dot LCD technology as a replacement to OLED TVs is quite concerning. Mobile phones is the only space where OLEDs are being pushed thanks to the efforts of manufacturers such as Samsung, which regularly outfits its flagship offerings such as the Galaxy S7 with AMOLED displays. The fact that Apple itself has recently ordered 100,000 OLED panels from Samsung for its iPhone is another good sign.

A Matter of Resolution

Resolution has different ramifications depending upon the type of application. IPS Monitors generally ship in wider screen size variation with generous resolutions such as 2560 x 1440 instead of 1920 x 1080 for 27-inch models and 2560 x 1600 for 30-inch models. But before you make that sort of commitment, make sure that your gaming rig is good enough to handle the extra load. As a thumb rule, Full HD resolution is good enough for TV usage. You don’t want to get 4K TVs yet because there isn’t any real 4K content and existing Full HD streaming and Blu-ray content will look worse on a non-native 4K screen.

Apart from the usual trappings of OLED and LCD, panels also come in glossy and matte choices. The glossy variants are come in handy if you are keen on maintaining blacks fidelity and prefer your colours popping out unhindered. On the down side, these panels tend to be extremely susceptible to glare and reflections. Modern glossy plasma panels compensate by employing high-tech anti-reflective and anti-glare coatings, though. Matte displays, on the other hand, may reduce glare and reflections, but an aggressive matte coating can affect sharpness and diminish the integrity of whites, as well as hinder black levels. It’s wiser to opt for glossy displays if you have ideal lighting conditions and no instances of glare and reflections.

Going 3D

This matter is more subjective than objective, but with my personal preference being to avoid 3D like the plague. The reasons for this are abundant. For starters, there’s a lack of substantial 3D content, and even when you do find 3D films, the quality isn’t up to the mark. Important picture parameters such as sharpness, brightness, and colour accuracy suffer thanks to the rather convoluted nature of 3D display technology, because separate images need to be directed at each eye. Since this sort of stereoscopy is unnatural, the human brain perceives the relayed 3D image as an anomaly and actively tries to correct it. This is a major cause of headaches as a consequence. What’s more, letting kids view 3D content can be detrimental. The brains of younger children are still adapting and learning, so it’s a bad idea to confuse the same with 3D imaging, which is inherently disorienting and can potentially cause long-term spatial learning issues.

However, if you are still keen on taking a dive into the 3D realm, you have to focus on the two main 3D technologies. This includes passive 3D that employs polarised glasses and active LCD shutter technology, which tends to be more expensive and bulky. The former is relatively low tech, but tends to consistently deliver a more stable and fatigue-free 3D experience. LCD shutter technology, however, may exhibit flickering and cause more headaches despite being complicated and expensive as well. Nevertheless, a bad implementation of passive 3D tech will still pale against a good active shutter LCD setup. Auditioning the display is a more prudent means to reach a conclusion.

Final Considerations

HDMI is the de facto standard and therefore you need at least three of those inputs at the bare minimum for your set-top box, DVD/Blu-ray player, and video game console. If you plan to hook up your PC as well, and it’s perfectly alright to do so, you may want to check out the superior DVI-D, and in some rare cases, Display Port inputs as well. These are foolproof means to get signal from your PC because the DRM-addled nature of the HDMI standard means that certain TVs (those made by Panasonic, for example) will not let you hook up a PC through the HDMI interconnect.

Additional features such as digital audio outputs and TRS stereo/headphone outputs come in handy to get a clean digital audio signal out of the TV or to connect headphones. Most modern TVs ship with USB inputs, which allow playback of various video formats. This is a boon for those who want to watch photos or downloaded movies, but don’t expect them to deliver the performance and the file support of standalone devices specifically meant for the purpose.

Smart TVs generally tend to be quite expensive, so you might want to reconsider paying extra just for this feature when you can buy aftermarket boxes (or even certain Blu-ray players) that allow you to convert any regular TV set into a smart TV. These TVs incorporate Wi-Fi and Ethernet connectivity and support inbuilt apps to access streaming video services. At any rate, just don’t expect the same level of usability and speed as your PC or smartphone and you won’t be disappointed.

Read our Guide to Monitor Calibration to check and perfectly calibrate your monitor. 

Content Lead at MySmartPrice.com by day and avid gamer/DIY geek at night, Nachiket Mhatre channels a decade of experience writing about consumer technology, PC hardware, audio/video, and videogames.